Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R01

Id

B001

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

Cryostat thermal drift is a phonon-transport signal, not noise

Mechanism

drift rate tracks the sample's thermal conductance to the bath at the 10⁻⁵ W/K level

Kill test

drift rate independent of sample mounting conductance across a decade

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.83

Read refinement R01

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B002

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

Wall slip in a rheometer is a slip-length measurement with 100 nm resolution

Mechanism

apparent viscosity deficit scales as the slip length over gap; reversing the gap separates slip from shear thinning

Kill test

apparent slip independent of gap at fixed stress

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R02

Id

B003

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

The uncompensated resistance is a thermometer with microkelvin resolution

Mechanism

dR/dT of the electrolyte is 2%/K, so 1 µΩ in 10 Ω resolves 5 mK

Kill test

R drift uncorrelated with an independent thermocouple at fixed current

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.83

Read refinement R02

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B004

Domain

catalysis

Claim

Coke deposition is an active-site titration, not a deactivation nuisance

Mechanism

the coke formed per turnover is fixed by site geometry, so the coke-versus-time curve counts working sites

Kill test

coke per converted molecule varying by more than 2× across a site-density series

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B005

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

Photobleaching is a photon dosimeter with 1% absolute accuracy

Mechanism

bleaching quantum yield is fixed for a given dye-oxygen pair, so the bleach is an integral of absorbed photons

Kill test

bleach per absorbed photon varying with intensity at fixed oxygen

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B006

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

Pulse chirp is a direct measure of the medium's nonlinear refractive index

Mechanism

the chirp acquired is proportional to the B-integral, which is n₂ times intensity times length

Kill test

extracted n₂ disagreeing with interferometric measurement by more than 20%

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B007

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

Readout crosstalk is a two-qubit coupling meter that beats spectroscopy

Mechanism

the crosstalk matrix element falls off as the inverse cube of detuning, so its tail measures the residual coupling at large detuning where spectroscopy is blind

Kill test

crosstalk tail independent of detuning in the predicted power law

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R03

Id

B008

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The servo error signal is a sub-nanometre displacement sensor

Mechanism

in lock, the error channel gain is calibrated by the feedback itself, so its noise floor sets displacement sensitivity without a separate interferometer

Kill test

error-channel displacement disagreeing with the interferometer by more than its own noise

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Read refinement R03

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B009

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

Detector dead time is a precise flux monitor

Mechanism

the observed-to-true ratio is a known function of rate, so the dead time extracted from a rate sweep is a flux calibration

Kill test

extracted dead time varying with source strength beyond counting statistics

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B010

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

PSF anisotropy is a turbulence monitor with better time resolution than a differential image motion monitor

Mechanism

the ellipticity induced by the atmosphere responds to the same Cn² integral as scintillation but at higher frequency

Kill test

ellipticity power spectrum uncorrelated with scintillation index above 1 Hz

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B011

Domain

planetary

Claim

Coronagraph stray light is a map of the instrument's dust population

Mechanism

the scattered-light halo shape follows the dust size distribution's forward-scattering lobe

Kill test

halo shape invariant after a controlled contamination event

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B012

Domain

geophysics

Claim

Instrument tilt is a long-period seismometer that needs no feedback

Mechanism

a tilt step produces a displacement-equivalent signal at periods beyond the instrument's corner, and the step response identifies the tilt

Kill test

tilt inferred from the step disagreeing with a co-located tiltmeter by more than 20%

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B013

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The radiosonde's pump lag is a ventilation measurement, not an error

Mechanism

lag time scales inversely with ascent-rate-dependent airflow, so the lag identifies the pump's effective flow

Kill test

lag time independent of ascent rate over a 3× range

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

4.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B014

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

Biofouling on an optical sensor is a productivity record with daily resolution

Mechanism

fouling growth follows the same light-and-nutrient limitation as phytoplankton, so the fouling curve integrates local production

Kill test

fouling growth uncorrelated with independent chlorophyll at fixed depth

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B015

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

Rain-gauge evaporation loss is a latent-heat flux measurement

Mechanism

the loss rate is set by the same aerodynamic resistance as evapotranspiration, so the gauge is a miniature lysimeter

Kill test

loss rate uncorrelated with eddy-covariance latent heat at the same site

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B016

Domain

microbiology

Claim

Plate-edge evaporation is a humidity sensor array with 96 independent elements

Mechanism

edge wells lose volume faster; the evaporation profile is set by the plate's boundary-layer geometry, which tracks incubator airflow

Kill test

evaporation profile invariant to incubator fan speed

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B017

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The porometer's leaf clamp is an embolism detector

Mechanism

clamping perturbs xylem tension; the recovery time constant lengthens sharply once cavitation begins

Kill test

recovery time constant independent of the measured xylem pressure at the cavitation threshold

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B018

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

Electrode impedance drift is a tissue-health monitor more sensitive than the neural signal

Mechanism

impedance rises with glial encapsulation before unit loss becomes visible

Kill test

impedance drift uncorrelated with histological encapsulation in matched implants

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B019

Domain

immunology

Claim

Assay background is a complement-activity measurement

Mechanism

the background from serum on an untreated plate is dominated by alternative-pathway deposition, which varies with donor

Kill test

background independent of a complement-specific functional assay across donors

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B020

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

Embryo autofluorescence is a metabolic-state readout that predicts developmental rate

Mechanism

NAD(P)H fluorescence tracks the redox ratio, which sets the rate of divisions

Kill test

autofluorescence at a fixed stage uncorrelated with time to the next division

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B021

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

Detector false positives are a biodiversity signal, not a contamination

Mechanism

the false-positive spectrum contains environmental DNA from non-target taxa at low abundance, in proportion to their true abundance

Kill test

false-positive composition invariant to site while true composition changes

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R04

Id

B022

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

ECG baseline wander is a respiration monitor with better compliance than a belt

Mechanism

the wander is driven by thoracic impedance and electrode motion, both proportional to tidal volume

Kill test

wander-derived volume uncorrelated with spirometry across posture changes

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Read refinement R04

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B023

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

Tablet dissolution lag is a gastric-motility probe

Mechanism

the lag distribution in vivo is set by pyloric opening, which the in vitro lag cannot reproduce; the mismatch is the motility measurement

Kill test

in vivo lag distribution matching in vitro across formulations

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B024

Domain

food-science

Claim

Package condensation is a shelf-life integrator with a single number

Mechanism

cumulative condensation tracks the time-integral of temperature excursions through the dew-point crossing

Kill test

condensation mass uncorrelated with measured vitamin loss across storage profiles

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B025

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

Tribometer wear debris is a third-body rheology probe

Mechanism

debris-bed shear strength is measurable from the friction coefficient's velocity dependence, which no clean-surface model predicts

Kill test

velocity dependence identical with and without debris trapping

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B026

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The strain gauge's thermal output is a solar-radiation monitor

Mechanism

the apparent strain of a gauge on a shaded versus sunlit member differs by the absorbed flux divided by the convective coefficient

Kill test

apparent strain difference uncorrelated with pyranometer readings on the same member

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B027

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

Calendar self-discharge is a separator-pore-quality assay

Mechanism

self-discharge is dominated by redox shuttling through pinholes, so the rate maps the pore-size tail rather than the bulk separator

Kill test

self-discharge rate independent of measured pore-size tail across separators

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B028

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

Machine-tool thermal drift is a spindle-preload meter

Mechanism

the drift's time constant is set by bearing preload through the friction-to-heat path, not by ambient temperature

Kill test

drift time constant invariant to a controlled preload change

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B029

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

Room reverberation is a wall-impedance measurement

Mechanism

the decay curve's curvature at late times reflects the absorptive mismatch between surfaces, which a single reverberation time cannot express

Kill test

late-time curvature unchanged when a known absorber is added

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B030

Domain

signal-information

Claim

ADC clock jitter is a phase-noise measurement of the sample clock

Mechanism

the jitter-induced noise floor scales with input slew rate, so two-tone tests recover the jitter spectrum without a phase-noise analyser

Kill test

recovered jitter spectrum disagreeing with a direct phase-noise measurement by more than 3 dB

Operator

1

Operator Name

Inversion: the artefact is the signal

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R05

Id

B031

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

At the lowest measurable temperature, Wiedemann–Franz fails in a way that reveals the charge-neutral channel

Mechanism

the electronic thermal conductivity saturates when impurity scattering dominates while the electrical conductivity keeps rising, so the Lorenz ratio must fall below the Sommerfeld value by a factor set by the screening length

Kill test

Lorenz ratio staying within 5% of Sommerfeld down to 50 mK in a dirty metal

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.5

Read refinement R05

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B032

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

At infinite dilution, colloidal diffusivity deviates from Stokes–Einstein because the solvent's own correlation length matters

Mechanism

for particles below 5 nm, the slip length at the particle surface makes D exceed Stokes–Einstein by 10–40%, and the excess scales with the solvent's structural correlation length

Kill test

D matching Stokes–Einstein within 2% for a 2 nm tracer across three solvents of different correlation length

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R06

Id

B033

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

At zero supporting electrolyte, the transference number becomes directly measurable from the limiting current's transient

Mechanism

without excess salt, migration and diffusion decouple in time, and the current's early-time slope gives the transference number without tracer methods

Kill test

transient-derived transference number disagreeing with concentration-cell measurement by more than 10%

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.42

Read refinement R06

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B034

Domain

catalysis

Claim

At zero conversion, the measured rate constant is not the steady-state one; the difference is the coverage relaxation time

Mechanism

the catalyst starts from a bare surface, and the approach to steady coverage takes seconds, so a differential reactor at zero conversion measures a transient

Kill test

zero-conversion rate unchanged when the catalyst is pre-equilibrated at reaction conditions

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B035

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

At zero quencher, the residual quenching is the solvent's own radical yield

Mechanism

even purified solvent generates radicals at a yield set by its C–H bond strength, giving a floor to every quenching measurement

Kill test

residual quenching varying with solvent deuteration of the same bond strength

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B036

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

At zero delay, the pump–probe signal contains a coherent artefact that measures the pulse's absolute phase

Mechanism

the non-resonant response at zero delay is the convolution of the field with itself, which is phase-sensitive

Kill test

zero-delay signal invariant to a known phase step applied by a shaper

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R07

Id

B037

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

At zero bias, a tunnel junction's current noise measures the electromagnetic environment's impedance

Mechanism

the zero-bias noise is set by the real part of the environment impedance at the junction's plasma frequency

Kill test

zero-bias noise invariant when a known series impedance is inserted

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.83

Read refinement R07

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B038

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

At zero averaging time, the Allan variance is dominated by the interrogating oscillator, not the Clock under test

Mechanism

at τ below the servo bandwidth, the measured variance is the local oscillator's, so short-τ stability claims describe the wrong device

Kill test

short-τ variance unchanged when the local oscillator is swapped for one with different noise

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B039

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

At zero energy threshold, the detector's rate is set by its own radioactivity, and the spectrum's shape measures the contamination depth profile

Mechanism

alpha versus beta emitters have different self-absorption signatures in the detector housing

Kill test

zero-threshold spectrum invariant after a controlled surface etch

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B040

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

At zero metallicity, the initial mass function is measurably top-heavy, and the evidence is in the elemental abundance ratios of the oldest stars

Mechanism

without cooling metals, fragmentation is suppressed, shifting the IMF; the signature is an enhanced alpha/Fe at fixed [Fe/H] below −4

Kill test

alpha/Fe at [Fe/H] < −4 consistent with the solar-metallicity IMF prediction

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B041

Domain

planetary

Claim

At zero atmospheric pressure, a body's surface still has a measurable gas layer from regolith outgassing, and it controls the surface temperature

Mechanism

a 10⁻⁹ bar exosphere provides enough conduction to change the nightside temperature by several kelvin

Kill test

nightside temperature matching a pure-radiation model to within 1 K

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B042

Domain

geophysics

Claim

At zero effective stress, fault gouge still has measurable shear strength from van der Waals attraction

Mechanism

below the critical stress, strength becomes independent of normal load and scales with grain size

Kill test

shear strength extrapolating to zero as normal stress goes to zero

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B043

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

At zero wind shear, the boundary layer still generates turbulence from surface heterogeneity at a predictable scale

Mechanism

the heterogeneity length sets the overturning scale, so the turbulence intensity is set by the surface mosaic, not by the shear

Kill test

turbulence intensity independent of mosaic length at zero shear

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B044

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

At zero salinity, sea ice's permeability is set by the air fraction, and the permeability controls the heat flux more than the brine

Mechanism

gas bubbles block brine channels, so the permeability exponent changes at a critical air content

Kill test

permeability independent of air content at zero salinity

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B045

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

At zero hydraulic gradient, soil water still moves by thermal osmosis at a measurable rate

Mechanism

a 1 K/m gradient drives a flux comparable to a 10⁻⁴ hydraulic gradient

Kill test

flux vanishing with the thermal gradient removed

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B046

Domain

microbiology

Claim

At zero growth rate, bacteria maintain a measurable maintenance energy that sets the death rate

Mechanism

the maintenance coefficient is fixed per species, so the survival time under starvation scales with the initial ATP

Kill test

survival time independent of initial ATP at fixed species

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B047

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

At zero light, leaves maintain a measurable respiration that is set by the previous day's light integral

Mechanism

the respiration rate tracks the carbohydrate pool, which integrates the previous photoperiod

Kill test

dark respiration independent of the previous light integral

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B048

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

At zero spikes, neurons still consume oxygen at a rate set by synaptic vesicle cycling

Mechanism

the resting metabolism includes a substantial presynaptic component that scales with release probability

Kill test

oxygen consumption independent of release-probability manipulations at zero firing

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B049

Domain

immunology

Claim

At zero antigen, naive T cells still proliferate at a rate set by self-peptide affinity

Mechanism

tonic signalling from self-peptide–MHC sets a baseline division rate that varies between clones

Kill test

baseline division rate independent of self-peptide affinity in TCR transgenic lines

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B050

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

At zero maternal RNA, the embryo's first divisions still proceed on a stored protein pool, and the timing reveals the pool size

Mechanism

the division schedule under maternal-RNA depletion is set by the inherited protein, so the delay measures the pool

Kill test

division timing unchanged by doubling the inherited protein

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B051

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

At zero mutation, adaptation still occurs through phenotypic plasticity at a rate that sets the evolution rate

Mechanism

plasticity exposes cryptic variation, so the adaptive rate is non-zero without mutation and scales with the environmental autocorrelation

Kill test

adaptive rate vanishing when mutation is abolished, at high environmental autocorrelation

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B052

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

At zero dose, a drug still produces a measurable effect through the excipient's own pharmacology

Mechanism

common excipients have measurable effects at the doses used in placebos

Kill test

zero-dose arm indistinguishable from no-treatment arm on the primary endpoint

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B053

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

At zero protein binding, the free fraction still differs from unity because of the assay's membrane

Mechanism

ultrafiltration membranes adsorb lipophilic compounds, so the "free" fraction is understated by an amount set by logP

Kill test

free fraction independent of membrane material at fixed logP

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B054

Domain

food-science

Claim

At zero water activity, lipid oxidation still proceeds through a surface-mediated pathway with a measurable rate

Mechanism

the oxidised surface layer is renewed by diffusion from the bulk, so the rate is set by the diffusion coefficient at the glass transition

Kill test

oxidation rate vanishing below the glass transition

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B055

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

At zero applied stress, a metal still accumulates damage at a rate set by residual stress, and the rate is measurable by acoustic emission

Mechanism

residual stress gradients drive dislocation motion, producing emission at a rate that tracks the gradient

Kill test

emission rate proportional to applied stress with zero intercept

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B056

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

At zero traffic, a bridge still accumulates fatigue damage from thermal cycling at a rate set by the diurnal range

Mechanism

restrained thermal strain produces stress cycles of amplitude set by the restraint stiffness

Kill test

damage accumulation independent of diurnal range across similar bridges

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B057

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

At zero current, a battery still ages through a calendar pathway whose rate is set by the electrode's stored energy, not its voltage

Mechanism

the driving force for SEI growth is the chemical potential difference, which persists at open circuit

Kill test

calendar aging independent of state of charge at fixed voltage

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B058

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

At zero cutting speed, tool wear still proceeds by diffusion at a rate that sets the low-speed limit

Mechanism

the diffusion couple is temperature-controlled, so the wear rate at zero speed is the diffusion rate

Kill test

wear rate vanishing at zero speed

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B059

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

At zero excitation, a structure still radiates sound from thermal vibration at a measurable level

Mechanism

the thermal displacement noise couples to the surrounding air, giving a radiometric noise floor

Kill test

radiated noise floor vanishing when the structure is in vacuum

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B060

Domain

signal-information

Claim

At zero bandwidth, a channel still transmits information through timing, at a rate set by the clock's stability

Mechanism

the timing channel's capacity is set by the Allan variance rather than the amplitude bandwidth

Kill test

timing-channel capacity independent of clock stability

Operator

2

Operator Name

Limit-taking: the extreme case everyone avoids

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R30

Id

B061

Domain

soft-matter ← astrophysics

Claim

Colloidal gels coarsen by the same Ostwald mechanism as interstellar dust, and the rate is set by the same Kelvin equation

Mechanism

the gel's pore curvature drives mass transfer, so coarsening should follow the dust-grain law with the surface energy replaced by the interfacial tension

Kill test

coarsening exponent differing from the predicted 1/3 by more than 0.05 across a tenfold change in interfacial tension

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.5

Read refinement R30

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B062

Domain

electrochemistry ← semiconductor physics

Claim

The electrode's double layer has a depletion-length analogue, and the capacitance minimum occurs at the point of zero charge in a way predicted by the Mott–Schottky relation

Mechanism

the space-charge layer in a lightly doped electrode adds a series capacitance with a voltage-dependent width

Kill test

capacitance–voltage slope independent of doping across a decade

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B063

Domain

catalysis ← enzymology

Claim

Supported catalysts show substrate inhibition, not just site blocking, and the inhibition constant is measurable from the rate maximum's position

Mechanism

two substrates binding the same site with negative cooperativity reproduce the enzymatic inhibition law

Kill test

rate maximum position independent of substrate concentration across catalysts

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B064

Domain

photochemistry ← nuclear physics

Claim

Photon echoes in molecular aggregates show a "magic angle" revival analogous to spin echoes, and the revival time measures the inhomogeneous width directly

Mechanism

the rephasing condition for a three-pulse sequence depends on the static disorder's symmetry

Kill test

revival time independent of the disorder width

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B065

Domain

ultrafast ← seismology

Claim

Femtosecond transients in solids obey a Gutenberg–Richter-like size distribution when the excitation is near a threshold

Mechanism

avalanche-like carrier multiplication produces a power-law distribution of transient amplitudes with a b-value set by the multiplication rate

Kill test

amplitude distribution not power-law at the threshold fluence

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B066

Domain

quantum-devices ← optics

Claim

Qubit decoherence has a visible "speckle" pattern in the frequency domain when the noise is a sum of discrete fluctuators

Mechanism

each TLS produces a Lorentzian at its own frequency, so the spectrum is a random sum with speckle statistics

Kill test

spectrum smooth at the resolution needed to resolve individual fluctuators

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B067

Domain

precision-metrology ← radio astronomy

Claim

Clock comparisons can be self-calibrated by closure quantities, removing the need for an absolute reference

Mechanism

the phase closure of a three-clock triangle removes each clock's offset, leaving the differential drift

Kill test

closure-derived drift disagreeing with direct comparison by more than the closure noise

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B068

Domain

nuclear-particle ← particle cosmology

Claim

Detector backgrounds have an Olbers-like integral: the summed contribution of distant radioactivity dominates the floor

Mechanism

the background scales with the enclosed mass and the square of distance, so a distant shield mass can dominate a near one

Kill test

background scaling only with near-shield mass

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B069

Domain

astrophysics ← electrochemistry

Claim

Accretion disc dead zones have a Warburg-like impedance, and the observed quasi-periodic oscillations are the electrochemical signature of ion diffusion

Mechanism

the ion–electron coupling in the disc's dead zone produces a diffusion impedance whose characteristic frequency scales as D/L²

Kill test

QPO frequency not scaling with the predicted diffusion time across discs

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B070

Domain

planetary ← tribology

Claim

Lunar dust levitation is a triboelectric charging problem with a measurable charge-to-mass threshold identical to industrial powder handling

Mechanism

the threshold field for lofting is set by the particle's charge-to-mass ratio and the surface's work function difference

Kill test

lofting threshold independent of the measured work function difference

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B071

Domain

geophysics ← materials science

Claim

Fault gouge has a grain-boundary sliding law, and the seismic coupling coefficient is the same parameter as the creep exponent

Mechanism

the creep exponent n sets both the laboratory strain rate sensitivity and the fault's coupling

Kill test

coupling coefficient independent of the measured n across faults

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B072

Domain

atmosphere ← combustion

Claim

Cloud droplet activation has the same Damköhler competition as spray ignition, and the activation threshold is predictable from the same group

Mechanism

the competition between supersaturation supply and droplet growth is a Damköhler number, so the threshold is universal

Kill test

activation threshold not collapsing onto a single Damköhler curve across aerosol types

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B073

Domain

ocean-ice ← metallurgy

Claim

Sea-ice brine channels undergo Ostwald ripening with a rate set by the same interfacial energy, so the permeability decays predictably with age

Mechanism

the channel network coarsens as t^(1/3), and the permeability follows the cube of the channel radius

Kill test

permeability decaying with a different exponent in first-year ice

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B074

Domain

hydrology-soil ← polymer physics

Claim

Soil aggregates have a reptation-like relaxation, and infiltration curves show the reptation time

Mechanism

the polymer-like relaxation of the organic binder sets the aggregate's creep, which controls the pore collapse under wetting

Kill test

infiltration time constant independent of binder molecular weight

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B075

Domain

microbiology ← granular physics

Claim

Bacterial colonies jam at a critical density with the same exponents as granular jamming

Mechanism

the colony's crowding is a jamming transition, so the viscosity should diverge with the same exponent

Kill test

viscosity divergence exponent differing from 2.5 by more than 0.3

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B076

Domain

plant-agriculture ← electrical engineering

Claim

Xylem cavitation is an impedance spectroscopy problem, and the embolism can be located by its frequency signature

Mechanism

a gas-filled conduit has a different dielectric response from a water-filled one, so the embolism's position is recoverable from the spectrum

Kill test

spectral signature unchanged when embolism is induced at a known position

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B077

Domain

neuroscience ← condensed matter

Claim

Cortical avalanches have a Griffiths phase, not a critical point, and the Griffiths temperature is measurable from the avalanche rate's temperature dependence

Mechanism

disorder broadens the transition, producing power laws over a range of parameters

Kill test

avalanche exponent independent of the perturbation strength

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B078

Domain

immunology ← ecology

Claim

Antibody affinity maturation follows a species–area relationship, and the repertoire's diversity is predicted by the germinal centre's volume

Mechanism

the number of surviving clones scales with the centre's volume to a power set by the selection strength

Kill test

clone diversity independent of germinal centre volume

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B079

Domain

developmental-biology ← fluid dynamics

Claim

Left–right symmetry breaking is a peristaltic pumping problem, and the nodal flow's direction is set by the cilia's phase gradient

Mechanism

the flow is a metachronal wave, so its direction and magnitude are predicted by the phase gradient

Kill test

flow reversal occurring without a phase-gradient reversal

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B080

Domain

ecology-evolution ← finance

Claim

Extinction cascades have the same tail exponent as financial drawdowns because both are driven by the same branching process

Mechanism

the cascade size distribution has a power-law tail with exponent 3/2 when the branching ratio is near one

Kill test

cascade tail exponent differing from 3/2 by more than 0.2 across independent food webs

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B081

Domain

medicine-diagnostics ← seismology

Claim

Tumour stiffness maps can be inverted with seismic tomography, and the inversion's resolution limit is the wavelength, not the detector

Mechanism

the same diffraction limit applies, so resolution claims finer than half the shear wavelength are artefacts

Kill test

a lesion resolved below the half-wavelength limit by any elastography method

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B082

Domain

pharmacology ← chemical engineering

Claim

First-pass metabolism is a residence-time distribution problem, and the hepatic extraction is the same dimensionless group as a reactor's conversion

Mechanism

the extraction ratio is a Damköhler number in the liver's flow

Kill test

extraction ratio not collapsing onto the group across species

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B083

Domain

food-science ← glaciology

Claim

Ice cream's coarsening follows the same Ostwald ripening as glacier ice, and the shelf-life exponent is set by the same interfacial energy

Mechanism

ice crystal growth is diffusion-limited with a t^(1/3) law

Kill test

crystal size growing with a different exponent at fixed temperature

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B084

Domain

materials-failure ← biology

Claim

Fatigue crack growth has a "healing" analogue in metals at high temperature, and the healing rate is set by the same diffusion that sets creep

Mechanism

crack-tip sintering competes with growth, so the threshold stress intensity is temperature-dependent in a predictable way

Kill test

threshold stress intensity independent of temperature at fixed diffusion coefficient

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B085

Domain

structural-civil ← geophysics

Claim

Building resonance shifts are precursors of earthquakes, and the shift is predictable from the same strain sensitivity as a strainmeter

Mechanism

the building's frequency shift is proportional to the applied strain divided by the structural stiffness

Kill test

frequency shift uncorrelated with co-located strainmeter records

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B086

Domain

energy-systems ← neuroscience

Claim

Battery management can use spike-timing-dependent plasticity rules, and the resulting charging protocol is optimal in a provable sense

Mechanism

the degradation is a history-dependent plasticity, so an STDP-like rule minimises it

Kill test

STDP protocol performing worse than constant-current across three chemistries

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B087

Domain

manufacturing ← epidemiology

Claim

Defect clustering on a wafer follows the same spatial reproduction number as an epidemic, and the clustering exponent predicts yield better than Poisson

Mechanism

the negative-binomial clustering parameter is the reproduction number

Kill test

yield prediction no better than Poisson across process nodes

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B088

Domain

acoustics-vibration ← quantum mechanics

Claim

Acoustic black holes have a Hawking-like temperature, and it is measurable as a thermal noise floor in the cavity

Mechanism

the analogue horizon's temperature scales with the flow gradient

Kill test

noise temperature independent of the flow gradient

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B089

Domain

signal-information ← thermodynamics

Claim

Compressed sensing has a Landauer cost, and the cost is measurable as heat in the reconstruction hardware

Mechanism

each bit erased in the optimiser dissipates kT ln2, so the reconstruction's heat output scales with the measurement count

Kill test

heat output independent of the number of measurements

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B090

Domain

condensed-matter ← biology

Claim

Phononic crystals can be evolved, and the evolutionary trajectory has a measurable "fitness landscape" ruggedness

Mechanism

the bandgap is a fitness function, so the landscape's ruggedness predicts the evolvability

Kill test

landscape ruggedness uncorrelated with the achievable bandgap across runs

Operator

3

Operator Name

Cross-domain transplant

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R08

Id

B091

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

The measured heat capacity of a thin film violates the Dulong–Petit sum rule by an amount that equals the substrate's contribution

Mechanism

the addenda correction assumes the substrate's heat capacity is known, but the film strains it, changing the substrate's phonon spectrum

Kill test

addenda-corrected heat capacity agreeing with bulk across film thicknesses

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Read refinement R08

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B092

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

The measured yield stress of a suspension exceeds the stress the particles can transmit, and the excess is the solvent's viscoelasticity

Mechanism

the solvent's own relaxation contributes a stress that is not subtracted in the standard protocol

Kill test

yield stress independent of solvent molecular weight at fixed particle loading

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B093

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

Coulometry in a flow cell does not conserve charge, and the missing charge is the parasitic current to the reference

Mechanism

the reference electrode draws a current through the electrolyte that is not in the cell's current path

Kill test

charge balance closing when a guarded reference is used

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B094

Domain

catalysis

Claim

The carbon balance in a partial-oxidation reactor does not close, and the missing carbon is deposited in a location that is catalytically active

Mechanism

the deposit sits in the pore mouth, where it changes the effective diffusivity

Kill test

carbon balance closing when the deposit is mapped and counted

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B095

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

Photon accounting in a photocatalytic reactor does not close, and the missing photons are absorbed by the reactor wall

Mechanism

wall absorption is a function of the reactor's reflectance, which changes with fouling

Kill test

photon balance closing with a reflectance-matched reactor

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B096

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

Energy accounting in a pump–probe experiment does not close, and the missing energy is stored in a long-lived coherent mode

Mechanism

the mode's energy is invisible to the probe's spectral window but appears in the transient grating

Kill test

energy balance closing when the grating signal is included

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B097

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

The qubit's measured relaxation does not account for all the energy leaving it, and the missing energy goes into a mechanical mode

Mechanism

the qubit's electromagnetic energy is partly converted to phonons, which are not measured in the standard T₁ experiment

Kill test

T₁ unchanged when the mechanical mode is detuned

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B098

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The clock's error budget does not sum to the measured instability, and the missing term is a correlation between two nominally independent systematics

Mechanism

the two terms share a temperature coefficient, so they add coherently rather than in quadrature

Kill test

budget closing when the correlation is measured and included

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B099

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

The missing energy in a detector is not neutrinos but a slow component with a measurable delay

Mechanism

the scintillator's slow component escapes the integration gate, shifting energy between channels

Kill test

missing energy independent of the integration gate width

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B100

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

The baryon budget of a galaxy cluster does not close, and the missing baryons are in a phase that is invisible to X-ray but visible to dispersion measures

Mechanism

the warm-hot phase has a low emission measure but a measurable dispersion

Kill test

dispersion-measure estimate leaving the same deficit

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B101

Domain

planetary

Claim

The angular momentum budget of a planetary atmosphere does not close, and the missing term is the surface torque

Mechanism

the surface torque is measurable from the wind's near-surface shear but is omitted in reanalyses

Kill test

budget closing when surface torque is included

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B102

Domain

geophysics

Claim

The seismic moment budget of a fault does not close, and the missing moment is aseismic slip with a specific depth signature

Mechanism

the aseismic fraction scales with the depth of the brittle–ductile transition

Kill test

moment budget closing with only seismic events across faults of different transition depth

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B103

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The methane budget does not close, and the missing source has a measurable isotopic signature that distinguishes it from all known sources

Mechanism

the missing term must satisfy both the mass and the ¹³C balance, which over-determines its signature

Kill test

a source inventory that closes both balances without a new term

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B104

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

The ocean's heat budget does not close, and the missing term is geothermal flux through the seafloor

Mechanism

the flux is small globally but concentrated at ridges, where it drives measurable bottom-water anomalies

Kill test

heat budget closing when ridge flux is excluded

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B105

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

The catchment water balance does not close, and the missing term is deep percolation that bypasses the measurement depth

Mechanism

preferential flow carries water below the sensor in events, so the loss scales with event intensity

Kill test

closure achieved with a deeper sensor array

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B106

Domain

microbiology

Claim

The carbon balance of a microbial culture does not close, and the missing carbon is in a volatile species that the standard off-gas analysis misses

Mechanism

the volatile's production tracks the overflow metabolism

Kill test

closure achieved with a full volatile scan

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B107

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The nitrogen budget of a field does not close, and the missing nitrogen is fixed by a non-symbiotic pathway

Mechanism

the pathway's rate is set by the soil's phosphorus status

Kill test

budget closing when the non-symbiotic rate is measured directly

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B108

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

The brain's energy budget does not close, and the missing expenditure is in glial cycling rather than neuronal firing

Mechanism

glial glutamate cycling consumes a fixed fraction of the total that is independent of firing rate

Kill test

budget closing when glial cycling is inhibited

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B109

Domain

immunology

Claim

The cytokine budget of an infection does not close, and the missing cytokine is bound to a soluble receptor that the assay cannot detect

Mechanism

the soluble receptor's affinity determines the hidden fraction

Kill test

free and total measurements closing the balance

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B110

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

The cell-number budget of a tissue does not close, and the missing cells are extruded and counted as debris

Mechanism

extrusion rates differ between genotypes, biasing the apparent proliferation

Kill test

cell counts closing when extruded cells are recovered

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B111

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

The energy budget of a food web does not close, and the missing flux is the microbial loop

Mechanism

the loop's contribution scales with dissolved organic carbon, which is rarely measured

Kill test

budget closing without the microbial term

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B112

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

The dose–response budget does not close, and the missing drug is in a tissue compartment that the plasma assay cannot see

Mechanism

the tissue's partition coefficient predicts the missing mass

Kill test

mass balance closing with tissue measurement

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B113

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

The clearance budget does not close, and the missing route is renal secretion that saturation hides

Mechanism

secretion saturates before filtration, so the apparent clearance falls with dose

Kill test

clearance dose-independent across the therapeutic range

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B114

Domain

food-science

Claim

The mass balance of a drying process does not close, and the missing water is bound water with a different activity

Mechanism

the bound fraction is set by the glass transition, so the closure error tracks the storage modulus

Kill test

closure error independent of the glass transition

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B115

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

The wear-volume budget does not close, and the missing volume is transferred to the counterface as a film

Mechanism

the transfer film's thickness is measurable by profilometry and scales with the contact pressure

Kill test

volume balance closing when the transfer film is measured

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B116

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The damping budget of a building does not close, and the missing damping is radiation into the soil

Mechanism

soil radiation damping scales with the foundation's impedance

Kill test

budget closing when soil impedance is included

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B117

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

The lithium inventory of a cell does not close, and the missing lithium is in a plated layer whose location is set by the separator's tortuosity

Mechanism

plating occurs where the local current density exceeds the limiting value

Kill test

inventory closing when plating is mapped

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B118

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

The material balance of an additive process does not close, and the missing powder is vaporised in a size-dependent way

Mechanism

vaporisation scales with the particle's absorptivity divided by its mass, so fine particles are preferentially lost

Kill test

loss independent of the powder's size distribution

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B119

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

The acoustic energy budget of a room does not close, and the missing energy is transmitted through the structure rather than the air

Mechanism

the structure-borne path dominates at low frequency

Kill test

budget closing with airborne paths alone at low frequency

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B120

Domain

signal-information

Claim

The information budget of a measurement does not close, and the missing information is in the timing of the samples rather than their values

Mechanism

the sampling times carry information that the amplitude quantiser discards

Kill test

channel capacity unchanged when timing jitter is removed

Operator

4

Operator Name

Conservation accounting

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R09

Id

B121

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

The ratio of thermal to electrical boundary resistance at a metal–insulator interface is a universal number

Mechanism

both are set by the same interfacial transmission, so the ratio reduces to the Lorenz number times a geometric factor

Kill test

ratio varying by more than 20% across metal–insulator pairs

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.25

Read refinement R09

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B122

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

The yield strain of soft gels is universal at 3%

Mechanism

yield occurs when the network's strand extension reaches its contour limit, a purely geometric criterion

Kill test

yield strain varying systematically with crosslink density

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B123

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

The ratio of double-layer capacitance to bulk permittivity is a universal length of 0.3 nm across electrolytes

Mechanism

the double layer's thickness is set by the ion's hydrated radius, which is nearly constant for the alkali series

Kill test

the ratio varying by more than 30% across electrolytes

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.25

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B124

Domain

catalysis

Claim

The volcano's apex occurs at a universal binding energy of −0.87 eV per adsorbate bond, independent of the reactant

Mechanism

the apex is where the adsorption and desorption barriers cross, which is set by the bond energy alone

Kill test

apex position varying by more than 0.2 eV across reaction families

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B125

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

The Stokes shift of a fluorophore is a universal fraction of its emission energy

Mechanism

the reorganization energy scales with the emission energy through the same solvent coordinate

Kill test

fraction varying by more than 30% across solvents at fixed fluorophore

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B126

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

The ratio of the electron–phonon relaxation time to the Debye period is universal at 3

Mechanism

both scale with the same lattice anharmonicity

Kill test

ratio varying with temperature by more than a factor of two

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R10 · supplied calculation P1

Id

B127

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

The ratio of T₂ to T₁ in superconducting qubits has a universal upper bound of 2

Mechanism

pure dephasing adds only to 1/T₂, so T₂ ≤ 2T₁ for any Markovian noise

Kill test

a device with T₂ > 2T₁ without non-Markovian evidence

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

3.25

Read refinement R10

Read supplied calculation P1

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B128

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The ratio of the clock's servo bandwidth to its linewidth is universal at 1

Mechanism

the optimum servo bandwidth for a given linewidth is set by the discriminant's slope

Kill test

an operating point with a ratio outside 0.5–2 that outperforms

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B129

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

The ratio of the detector's energy resolution to its photoelectron yield is universal

Mechanism

both are set by the Poisson statistics of the light production

Kill test

ratio varying across scintillators by more than 20%

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.17

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B130

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

The ratio of the accretion disc's inner radius to the black hole's gravitational radius is a universal 6 for all masses

Mechanism

the innermost stable orbit is set by general relativity alone

Kill test

a measured ratio systematically different from 6 in a well-determined system

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B131

Domain

planetary

Claim

The ratio of a planet's magnetic moment to its angular momentum is universal across bodies with active dynamos

Mechanism

both are set by the same convective power

Kill test

ratio varying by more than an order of magnitude across Earth, Jupiter, and Mercury

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B132

Domain

geophysics

Claim

The ratio of the seismic to aseismic moment release is universal for faults of the same maturity

Mechanism

the ratio is set by the ratio of the nucleation length to the fault length

Kill test

ratio varying with fault length at fixed maturity

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B133

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The ratio of lightning flash rate to convective available potential energy is universal across storms

Mechanism

both scale with the updraft's mass flux

Kill test

ratio varying by more than a factor of three across storms of the same CAPE

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B134

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

The ratio of sea-ice permeability to its brine volume fraction is universal at 3×10⁻⁹ m²

Mechanism

the pore network's geometry is set by the ice's crystal texture, which is similar across conditions

Kill test

ratio varying by more than a factor of three across ice types

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B135

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

The ratio of field capacity to wilting point is universal at 2.2 for mineral soils

Mechanism

both are set by the same pore-size distribution's moments

Kill test

ratio varying systematically with clay mineralogy

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B136

Domain

microbiology

Claim

The ratio of the cell's doubling time to its division protein's lifetime is universal at 1

Mechanism

division is triggered when the protein accumulates to a threshold, which sets the ratio

Kill test

ratio varying with growth medium at fixed temperature

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B137

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The ratio of stomatal conductance to photosynthetic capacity is universal at 0.01 mol m⁻² s⁻¹ per µmol m⁻² s⁻¹

Mechanism

both are optimised to the same marginal water cost

Kill test

ratio varying systematically with aridity

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B138

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

The ratio of synaptic to axonal energy cost is universal at 3

Mechanism

both scale with the same ion fluxes

Kill test

ratio varying across brain regions by more than a factor of two

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

1.0

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B139

Domain

immunology

Claim

The ratio of antibody affinity to B-cell receptor affinity is universal at 10 after maturation

Mechanism

selection multiplies affinity by a fixed factor per round

Kill test

ratio varying with antigen valency

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B140

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

The ratio of the embryo's cleavage period to its cytoplasmic volume is universal

Mechanism

the cell-cycle oscillator's period is set by the diffusion time of a cytoplasmic factor

Kill test

ratio varying across species with the same volume

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B141

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

The ratio of extinction rate to origination rate at equilibrium is universal at 1 across clades

Mechanism

the equilibrium is set by the diversity dependence of both rates

Kill test

ratio systematically different from 1 in well-sampled clades

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

2.17

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B142

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

The ratio of a biomarker's within-person to between-person variability is universal at 0.3 for homeostatic analytes

Mechanism

homeostatic control sets the within-person variance relative to the population's setpoint spread

Kill test

ratio varying by more than a factor of three across analytes

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B143

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

The ratio of a drug's tissue residence time to its plasma half-life is universal at 3 for lipophilic drugs

Mechanism

the tissue partition sets both through the same distribution volume

Kill test

ratio varying with logP

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B144

Domain

food-science

Claim

The ratio of a food's glass transition to its melting temperature is universal at 0.7

Mechanism

both are set by the same intermolecular potential

Kill test

ratio varying with water content

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B145

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

The ratio of a material's fatigue limit to its yield strength is universal at 0.35 for steels

Mechanism

both are set by the same dislocation pile-up length

Kill test

ratio varying with inclusion content

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B146

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The ratio of a building's first-mode period to its height is universal at 0.1 s/m

Mechanism

the period is set by the stiffness-to-mass ratio, which is similar across structural systems

Kill test

ratio varying by a factor of two across structural types

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B147

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

The ratio of a cell's thermal runaway onset to its separator's melting point is universal at 1.3

Mechanism

runaway requires the separator to lose mechanical integrity, which occurs at a fixed fraction above its melting point

Kill test

ratio varying across chemistries

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B148

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

The ratio of a machined surface's roughness to its tool's edge radius is universal at 0.1

Mechanism

the roughness is set by the tool's cutting-edge geometry

Kill test

ratio varying with cutting speed at fixed tool

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B149

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

The ratio of a room's Schroeder frequency to its reverberation time is universal

Mechanism

both are set by the modal overlap

Kill test

ratio varying across room shapes

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B150

Domain

signal-information

Claim

The ratio of a channel's capacity to its bandwidth is universal at 1.44 bits per hertz for a matched SNR of 0 dB

Mechanism

Shannon–Hartley at unit SNR

Kill test

a channel exceeding the bound

Operator

5

Operator Name

Dimensionless coincidence

File

01-operators-1-5.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B151

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

The reported resistivity of a metal film is a record of its measurement current

Mechanism

Joule heating raises the film above the bath by an amount set by the lead conductance, and the temperature coefficient of resistance converts it into a current-dependent resistivity

Kill test

resistivity independent of measuring current from 1 µA to 1 mA at fixed geometry

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

4.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B152

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

The reported plateau modulus of a gel depends on the preshear history of the loading protocol, not on the gel

Mechanism

loading destroys a fraction of the network that reforms on a timescale longer than the standard protocol

Kill test

plateau modulus independent of the loading rate across two decades

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B153

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

The reported exchange current density of an electrode is a record of its polishing grit

Mechanism

the grit sets the step density, which sets the active area in a way that cyclic voltammetry cannot normalise

Kill test

exchange current density independent of grit after ECSA normalisation

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B154

Domain

catalysis

Claim

The reported selectivity of a catalyst is a record of its calcination ramp rate

Mechanism

the ramp sets the particle size distribution, which sets the fraction of low-coordination sites

Kill test

selectivity independent of ramp rate at fixed final temperature

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B155

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

The reported fluorescence quantum yield is a record of the cuvette's path length

Mechanism

inner filtering is path-dependent, and the standard 1 cm cuvette is a choice, not a constant

Kill test

quantum yield independent of path length after inner-filter correction

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B156

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

The reported electron–phonon coupling constant is a record of the probe wavelength

Mechanism

the probe's penetration depth sets the volume that is averaged, and the coupling varies with depth through the film's morphology

Kill test

coupling constant independent of probe wavelength across the transparent window

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B157

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

The reported coherence time is a record of the pulse-calibration routine

Mechanism

the calibration sequence leaves the qubit in a slightly different state, and the T₂ measured from that state differs from the equilibrium one

Kill test

T₂ independent of the calibration sequence used before it

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B158

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The reported clock stability is a record of the data-analysis window

Mechanism

the overlapping Allan deviation with a long window suppresses the initial drift, so the quoted stability depends on the chosen window

Kill test

stability independent of the analysis window across a factor of four

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B159

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

The reported energy resolution of a calorimeter is a record of its operating temperature's stability, not of its intrinsic resolution

Mechanism

the gain drifts with temperature, and the drift broadens the line in a way that looks like intrinsic resolution

Kill test

resolution unchanged at tenfold better temperature stability

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B160

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

The reported stellar metallicity is a record of the continuum normalisation window

Mechanism

the pseudo-continuum is defined by hand-chosen sidebands, and the choice sets the equivalent width

Kill test

metallicity independent of the sideband choice across analysts

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B161

Domain

planetary

Claim

The reported surface age of a planetary body is a record of the crater-counting area

Mechanism

the counting area is chosen to avoid resurfacing, which biases the age young

Kill test

age independent of the counting area across plausible choices

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B162

Domain

geophysics

Claim

The reported earthquake magnitude is a record of the station's response deconvolution

Mechanism

the deconvolution band sets the peak amplitude, so the magnitude depends on the processing band

Kill test

magnitude independent of the deconvolution band

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B163

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The reported aerosol optical depth is a record of the Langley calibration's site

Mechanism

the calibration's intercept absorbs the site's drift, which differs between mountains

Kill test

optical depth independent of calibration site after reanalysis

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B164

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

The reported sea-ice thickness is a record of the snow-depth assumption

Mechanism

the freeboard conversion depends on the assumed snow load, which is rarely measured

Kill test

thickness independent of snow assumption when snow is measured

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B165

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

The reported soil moisture is a record of the probe's insertion depth

Mechanism

the probe averages over its sensitive volume, which is depth-dependent

Kill test

moisture independent of insertion depth at a uniform profile

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B166

Domain

microbiology

Claim

The reported minimum inhibitory concentration is a record of the inoculum preparation time

Mechanism

the inoculum's physiological state changes with the time since dilution

Kill test

MIC independent of inoculum age across a four-hour range

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B167

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The reported crop yield is a record of the plot's edge rows

Mechanism

edge rows receive more light and have higher yield, and the number of discarded rows varies

Kill test

yield independent of the discarded-row count

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B168

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

The reported receptive field is a record of the stimulus set used to map it

Mechanism

the field is defined by the stimuli that drove the cell, and sparse sets systematically underestimate extent

Kill test

field extent independent of stimulus density

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B169

Domain

immunology

Claim

The reported titre is a record of the plate's incubation time

Mechanism

the assay's endpoint is defined by a colour threshold that shifts with incubation

Kill test

titre independent of incubation time within the assay's tolerance

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B170

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

The reported developmental stage is a record of the staging series used

Mechanism

staging series differ between atlases, and the offset is a constant that enters every downstream comparison

Kill test

stage assignment independent of the atlas used

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B171

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

The reported species richness is a record of the sampling effort's stopping rule

Mechanism

collectors stop when the accumulation curve flattens, which terminates at different richness depending on the order of samples

Kill test

richness independent of sample order

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B172

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

The reported sensitivity of a diagnostic is a record of the spectrum of patients recruited

Mechanism

sensitivity depends on the disease severity distribution, which is a recruitment property

Kill test

sensitivity stable across recruitment settings

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B173

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

The reported half-life is a record of the sampling schedule's last time point

Mechanism

the terminal phase is defined by the last samples, and truncation shortens the fitted half-life

Kill test

half-life stable when sampling is extended by two half-lives

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B174

Domain

food-science

Claim

The reported shelf life is a record of the storage trial's temperature steps

Mechanism

the Arrhenius extrapolation depends on the step spacing, and the standard spacing is a convention

Kill test

shelf life independent of step spacing at fixed total exposure

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B175

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

The reported fatigue limit is a record of the staircase test's step size

Mechanism

the staircase converges to a quantile that depends on the step size

Kill test

limit independent of step size across a factor of two

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B176

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The reported concrete strength is a record of the cube's curing humidity

Mechanism

the humidity sets the degree of hydration at the test age

Kill test

strength independent of curing humidity at fixed age

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B177

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

The reported capacity retention is a record of the formation cycle's rate

Mechanism

the formation cycle sets the SEI's morphology, which sets the subsequent fade

Kill test

retention independent of formation rate

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B178

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

The reported surface finish is a record of the stylus's skid

Mechanism

the skid filters the topography, suppressing wavelengths it cannot follow

Kill test

roughness independent of skid length across a factor of three

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B179

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

The reported sound power level is a record of the reverberation room's diffuseness

Mechanism

the room's modal density at low frequency sets the measurement's bias

Kill test

power level independent of room across two rooms of different volume

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B180

Domain

signal-information

Claim

The reported bit error rate is a record of the error-counting window

Mechanism

the window's alignment with a periodic impairment sets the count

Kill test

BER independent of window alignment

Operator

6

Operator Name

Protocol archaeology

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B181

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

The null result on "no field-induced resistivity change" is a bound on the electron's electric dipole moment in a solid

Mechanism

the null sets a limit that is tighter than the molecular-beam limit for certain lattice symmetries

Kill test

a re-derived limit weaker than the existing beam limit

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B182

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

The null result on "no shear thickening at low concentration" is a measurement of the solvent's excluded volume

Mechanism

the onset concentration where thickening appears encodes the particle's hydrodynamic radius

Kill test

onset concentration independent of the measured radius

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B183

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

The null result on "no oxygen evolution on the cathode" is a quantitative measurement of crossover

Mechanism

the detection limit of the null sets an upper bound that is tighter than the crossover measured by permeability

Kill test

the bound weaker than the existing crossover measurement

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B184

Domain

catalysis

Claim

The null result on "no activity without the promoter" is a measurement of the background rate's origin

Mechanism

the residual activity without the promoter is the reactor wall's contribution, which can be quantified

Kill test

residual activity scaling with catalyst mass rather than wall area

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B185

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

The null result on "no singlet oxygen in the absence of sensitiser" is a measurement of the solvent's triplet yield

Mechanism

the detection limit sets a bound on the solvent's own yield

Kill test

the bound weaker than a direct measurement of the solvent's yield

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B186

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

The null result on "no coherent phonon above 100 K" is a measurement of the electron–phonon coupling's temperature dependence

Mechanism

the null's upper bound defines the coupling at that temperature

Kill test

the bound weaker than a later positive measurement

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B187

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

The null result on "no photon-assisted tunnelling" is a bound on the environment's impedance at the drive frequency

Mechanism

the absence of a sideband sets an upper limit on the coupling

Kill test

the bound weaker than the measured impedance

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B188

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The null result on "no Lorentz violation" is a measurement of the apparatus's orientation stability

Mechanism

the null's noise floor is set by the platform's tilt stability, which is otherwise unmeasured

Kill test

the bound independent of the platform's measured tilt noise

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B189

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

The null result on "no neutrinoless double beta decay" is a measurement of the detector's radon emanation rate

Mechanism

the background model's dominant term is the emanation, which the null constrains

Kill test

the bound weaker than an independent emanation measurement

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B190

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

The null result on "no gamma-ray line from the Galactic centre" is a measurement of the instrument's continuum background shape

Mechanism

the line's absence constrains the background's curvature at that energy

Kill test

the background shape unconstrained by the null

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B191

Domain

planetary

Claim

The null result on "no methane on Mars" is a measurement of the surface's adsorption capacity

Mechanism

the detection limit sets the maximum that can be hidden by regolith adsorption

Kill test

adsorption capacity measured to be far larger than the bound requires

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B192

Domain

geophysics

Claim

The null result on "no precursory signal before earthquakes" is a measurement of the strain sensitivity of the network

Mechanism

the null sets the maximum permissible precursory strain, which the network's noise floor defines

Kill test

the bound weaker than the network's measured strain noise

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B193

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The null result on "no trend in upper-tropospheric water vapour" is a measurement of the sonde's contamination

Mechanism

the null's uncertainty is dominated by the sensor's dry bias, which it therefore constrains

Kill test

the bound weaker than the known dry bias

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B194

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

The null result on "no glacial meltwater in the core" is a measurement of the core's drilling disturbance

Mechanism

the absence constrains the disturbance's magnitude

Kill test

the bound weaker than the measured disturbance

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B195

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

The null result on "no deep percolation at this site" is a measurement of the lysimeter's collection efficiency

Mechanism

the null's bound is set by the lysimeter's capture, which is otherwise unknown

Kill test

the bound weaker than a tracer-based capture measurement

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B196

Domain

microbiology

Claim

The null result on "no growth on this carbon source" is a measurement of the medium's contaminating carbon

Mechanism

the null's detection limit is set by the agar's residual carbon

Kill test

the bound inconsistent with the measured agar carbon

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B197

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The null result on "no benefit from mycorrhizae at high phosphorus" is a measurement of the soil's indigenous inoculum

Mechanism

the null is explained by colonisation by native fungi, which the trial's design can quantify

Kill test

uninoculated controls showing no colonisation

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B198

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

The null result on "no effect of the lesion on behaviour" is a measurement of the lesion's actual extent

Mechanism

the null bounds the functional contribution per unit lesioned volume

Kill test

the bound weaker than the lesion's measured extent

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B199

Domain

immunology

Claim

The null result on "no antibody response to the antigen" is a measurement of the antigen's endotoxin content

Mechanism

the null is explained by tolerance induced by endotoxin, quantifiable from the batch

Kill test

no difference in endotoxin content between batches

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B200

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

The null result on "no effect of gene knockdown" is a measurement of the maternal protein deposit

Mechanism

the null bounds the protein's perdurance, which the knockdown cannot remove

Kill test

knockdown reducing the protein below the bound

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B201

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

The null result on "no local adaptation" is a measurement of the gene flow rate

Mechanism

the null bounds the selection-migration balance

Kill test

the bound inconsistent with measured dispersal

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B202

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

The null result on "no benefit of screening" is a measurement of the overdiagnosis rate

Mechanism

the null bounds the benefit net of overdiagnosis

Kill test

the bound inconsistent with measured overdiagnosis

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B203

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

The null result on "no drug–drug interaction" is a measurement of the victim drug's fraction metabolised by the inhibited pathway

Mechanism

the null bounds the fraction metabolised, which is otherwise inferred from in vitro data

Kill test

the bound inconsistent with the in vitro fraction

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B204

Domain

food-science

Claim

The null result on "no pathogen growth at this pH" is a measurement of the undissociated acid fraction

Mechanism

the null is set by the weak acid's pKa, which the trial can therefore constrain

Kill test

growth in a pH-matched control with a different acid

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B205

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

The null result on "no corrosion in this environment" is a measurement of the alloy's passivation potential

Mechanism

the null bounds the potential below which passivation fails

Kill test

passivation potential measured below the bound

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B206

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The null result on "no settlement" is a measurement of the survey's closure error

Mechanism

the null's bound is set by the levelling precision

Kill test

the bound weaker than the measured closure error

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B207

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

The null result on "no plating at this rate" is a measurement of the cell's pressure distribution

Mechanism

plating requires local compression, so the null bounds the pressure uniformity

Kill test

pressure measurement showing non-uniformity below the bound

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B208

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

The null result on "no porosity in this build" is a measurement of the CT scanner's resolution

Mechanism

the null's bound is set by the voxel size

Kill test

the bound weaker than the voxel size

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B209

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

The null result on "no acoustic emission from the crack" is a measurement of the sensor's coupling

Mechanism

the null bounds the emitted energy, and coupling sets the bound

Kill test

the bound weaker than a calibration-source measurement

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B210

Domain

signal-information

Claim

The null result on "no information leak from the channel" is a measurement of the receiver's dynamic range

Mechanism

the null bounds the leak, and the range sets the bound

Kill test

the bound weaker than the measured range

Operator

7

Operator Name

Negative-result resuscitation

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · refined R11

Id

B211

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

The electron mean free path and the phonon wavelength in a thermoelectric are comparable, so the Wiedemann–Franz law fails by a factor that sets the maximum zT

Mechanism

when both lengths are similar, the electron–phonon coupling redistributes momentum and the Lorenz ratio drops

Kill test

zT following the Wiedemann–Franz prediction across a mean-free-path series

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.75

Read refinement R11

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B212

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

The particle radius and the polymer correlation length in a nanocomposite are comparable, so the viscosity's concentration dependence changes exponent

Mechanism

at that crossover the depletion layer's overlap changes from pairwise to collective

Kill test

viscosity exponent constant across a radius series at fixed polymer length

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B213

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

The double-layer thickness and the pore radius in a nanoporous electrode are comparable, so the capacitance's voltage dependence changes sign

Mechanism

overlapping double layers remove the screening that normally increases capacitance with concentration

Kill test

capacitance monotonic in concentration for a sub-2 nm pore material

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B214

Domain

catalysis

Claim

The reactant's mean free path and the catalyst's pore diameter are comparable, so Knudsen diffusion changes the selectivity's order in pressure

Mechanism

Knudsen transport removes the pressure dependence of the collision rate

Kill test

selectivity order in pressure unchanged at Knudsen number near 1

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B215

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

The exciton's diffusion length and the film's grain size are comparable, so the quantum yield's thickness dependence has a maximum

Mechanism

at that crossover the exciton neither fully quenches at the surface nor fully separates in the bulk

Kill test

yield monotonic in thickness for a grain-size series

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B216

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

The electron–phonon equilibration time and the pulse duration are comparable, so the measured temperature is a function of the pulse's chirp

Mechanism

the chirp changes the instantaneous energy deposition rate, which competes with equilibration

Kill test

extracted temperature independent of chirp at fixed fluence

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B217

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

The qubit's anharmonicity and its linewidth are comparable in a transmon near the sweet spot, so the leakage channel opens and mimics a coherence limit

Mechanism

the leakage transition frequency moves inside the linewidth, converting dephasing into relaxation

Kill test

leakage rate independent of anharmonicity across a tunable-transmon series

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B218

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The atomic coherence time and the interrogation pulse duration are comparable, so the clock's stability is set by the pulse's shape rather than by the atom

Mechanism

the Dick effect's magnitude depends on the pulse's duty cycle in a way that dominates at that ratio

Kill test

stability unchanged when the pulse shape is optimised at fixed duration

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.92

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B219

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

The detector's drift length and its electrode spacing are comparable, so charge collection becomes a function of the interaction depth and the energy resolution degrades in a depth-dependent way

Mechanism

the drift-length crossover produces a depth-dependent induction signal

Kill test

resolution independent of interaction depth

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B220

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

The accretion disc's scale height and the radiation's mean free path are comparable in the inner region, so the spectrum's shape is set by the photosphere's geometry rather than the disc's temperature

Mechanism

at that ratio the spectrum forms in a scattering-dominated atmosphere

Kill test

spectral shape following a blackbody with the disc's effective temperature

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B221

Domain

planetary

Claim

The diurnal thermal skin depth and the regolith's grain size are comparable on small bodies, so the thermal inertia's interpretation changes

Mechanism

the grain-scale and body-scale heat transport couple

Kill test

thermal inertia independent of grain size

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B222

Domain

geophysics

Claim

The earthquake's rupture length and the fault's damage-zone width are comparable for small events, so the stress drop becomes scale-dependent

Mechanism

at that ratio the rupture samples the damage zone's compliance

Kill test

constant stress drop across the crossover

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B223

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The turbulent outer scale and the boundary-layer depth are comparable in shallow layers, so similarity theory fails and the flux-gradient relation changes

Mechanism

at that ratio the largest eddies are constrained by the layer's depth

Kill test

flux-gradient relation holding across a shallowing series

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B224

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

The brine channel spacing and the thermal diffusion length are comparable during rapid cooling, so the ice's salinity profile is set by the cooling rate

Mechanism

the channel network cannot equilibrate, so salt is trapped in a rate-dependent fraction

Kill test

salinity profile independent of cooling rate

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B225

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

The rainfall's correlation length and the hillslope's length are comparable, so the runoff coefficient becomes scale-dependent

Mechanism

the storm's spatial structure determines whether the slope integrates or samples it

Kill test

runoff coefficient independent of storm correlation length

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B226

Domain

microbiology

Claim

The colony's height and the oxygen penetration depth are comparable, so the growth rate is set by the colony's aspect ratio

Mechanism

at that ratio the hypoxic core's volume fraction changes with morphology

Kill test

growth rate independent of colony aspect ratio

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B227

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The leaf boundary layer and the stomatal spacing are comparable, so the transpiration rate depends on stomatal clustering rather than density

Mechanism

the overlapping boundary layers change the effective conductance per stoma

Kill test

transpiration following stomatal density alone at both clusterings

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B228

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

The synaptic cleft and the glutamate diffusion length are comparable, so transmitter spillover is set by the synapse's geometry rather than its release probability

Mechanism

at that ratio the cleft's width controls cross-talk between adjacent synapses

Kill test

spillover independent of cleft width

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B229

Domain

immunology

Claim

The antibody's reach and the lymph node's follicle size are comparable, so affinity selection's stringency depends on follicle geometry

Mechanism

at that ratio the antigen's availability per B cell is set by the follicle's surface-to-volume

Kill test

selection stringency independent of follicle size

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B230

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

The morphogen's decay length and the tissue's size are comparable at a specific stage, so patterning becomes size-dependent

Mechanism

the pattern scales with the tissue only when the ratio is large

Kill test

pattern length constant across a tissue-size series

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B231

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

The dispersal distance and the habitat patch size are comparable, so the metapopulation's persistence has a maximum at an intermediate patch size

Mechanism

at that ratio dispersal neither rescues nor over-exploits patches

Kill test

persistence monotonic in patch size across the ratio

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B232

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

The nanoparticle's size and the tumour's vascular pore size are comparable, so delivery has a maximum at a specific diameter

Mechanism

at that ratio both extravasation and clearance compete

Kill test

delivery monotonic in particle size across 10–200 nm

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.17

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B233

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

The drug's diffusion depth and the biofilm's thickness are comparable, so the MIC depends on biofilm geometry rather than on the drug

Mechanism

penetration becomes the rate-limiting step at that ratio

Kill test

MIC independent of biofilm thickness

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B234

Domain

food-science

Claim

The ice crystal's size and the light's wavelength are comparable, so the food's appearance depends on the crystal distribution rather than the water content

Mechanism

Mie scattering at that ratio makes the appearance sensitive to the crystal size's second moment

Kill test

appearance independent of crystal size at fixed water content

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.75

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B235

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

The crack-tip process zone and the grain size are comparable, so fracture toughness becomes a function of texture rather than of the grain boundary

Mechanism

at that ratio the crack samples multiple grains

Kill test

toughness independent of texture at fixed grain size

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B236

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The soil's wavelength at the building's frequency and the foundation's width are comparable, so soil–structure interaction depends on the impedance contrast in a way that a Winkler model misses

Mechanism

at that ratio the foundation radiates rather than reflects

Kill test

interaction independent of foundation width at fixed soil

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B237

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

The electrode's particle size and the diffusion length at the operating rate are comparable, so the apparent capacity depends on the C-rate in a geometry-specific way

Mechanism

at that ratio the concentration profile is neither uniform nor fully developed

Kill test

capacity–rate curve independent of particle size

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B238

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

The melt pool's depth and the powder layer's thickness are comparable, so porosity depends on the layer thickness in a non-monotonic way

Mechanism

at that ratio the pool either keys into the previous layer or bridges it

Kill test

porosity monotonic in layer thickness

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B239

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

The wavelength and the panel's thickness are comparable at coincidence, so the transmission loss has a dip whose depth depends on damping

Mechanism

at that ratio the panel radiates efficiently

Kill test

dip depth independent of damping

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B240

Domain

signal-information

Claim

The symbol period and the channel's delay spread are comparable, so the equaliser's performance depends on the delay profile's shape rather than its RMS

Mechanism

at that ratio the shape's higher moments matter

Kill test

performance predicted by RMS delay spread alone

Operator

8

Operator Name

Scale collision

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R12 · supplied calculation P2

Id

B241

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

A centrosymmetric crystal shows a measurable photovoltaic current from its surface alone, and the surface's symmetry breaking is quantifiable

Mechanism

the surface's dipole layer produces a current that scales with the film's thickness-to-surface ratio

Kill test

current vanishing as 1/thickness at fixed surface

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.08

Read refinement R12

Read supplied calculation P2

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B242

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

An isotropic suspension shows a measurable normal-stress difference in steady shear, which isotropy forbids

Mechanism

the measurement's finite gap breaks the symmetry, and the residual scales with gap

Kill test

normal-stress difference independent of gap

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B243

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

A symmetric redox couple shows a measurable rectification, which the Butler–Volmer symmetry forbids

Mechanism

the electrode's surface dipole breaks the symmetry, and the rectification scales with the dipole moment

Kill test

rectification vanishing on a dipole-free (hydrogen-terminated) surface

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B244

Domain

catalysis

Claim

An achiral catalyst produces a measurable enantiomeric excess, which symmetry forbids

Mechanism

the support's chiral morphology or a handedness in the crystal breaks the symmetry, and the excess scales with the support's enantiomeric surface fraction

Kill test

excess independent of support handedness

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B245

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

A racemic solution shows a measurable circular dichroism, which symmetry forbids

Mechanism

magnetic circular dichroism from the spectrometer's field breaks the symmetry

Kill test

dichroism vanishing when the field is shielded

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B246

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

An isotropic medium shows a measurable azimuthal dependence of its transient absorption, which symmetry forbids

Mechanism

the pump's beam profile breaks the symmetry, and the dependence scales with the beam's ellipticity

Kill test

dependence vanishing with a circular pump

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B247

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

A flux-tunable qubit shows a measurable asymmetry about its sweet spot, which the design symmetry forbids

Mechanism

the junction's capacitance asymmetry produces a second-order term

Kill test

asymmetry vanishing in a symmetric-junction device

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B248

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

A clock's frequency shift reverses sign with the apparatus's orientation in a way that Lorentz invariance forbids

Mechanism

the residual is a systematic from the magnetic shield's asymmetry, and it scales with the shield's tilt

Kill test

shift vanishing when the shield is made symmetric

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B249

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

A detector's response is asymmetric in energy about the calibration line, which the Gaussian model forbids

Mechanism

charge trapping produces a low-energy tail whose fraction is set by the trap density

Kill test

symmetric line shape at low trap density

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B250

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

A rotating galaxy's warped disc shows a measurable lopsidedness that the axisymmetric model forbids

Mechanism

the lopsidedness is a m=1 mode driven by the halo's asymmetry

Kill test

lopsidedness independent of the halo's measured asymmetry

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

4.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B251

Domain

planetary

Claim

A planet's magnetic field has a measurable quadrupole that the dipole model forbids

Mechanism

the quadrupole is generated by the dynamo's hemispheric asymmetry

Kill test

quadrupole consistent with zero at the measured precision

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B252

Domain

geophysics

Claim

A fault's friction is asymmetric with slip direction, which the rate-and-state model forbids

Mechanism

the gouge's fabric develops a preferred orientation

Kill test

symmetric friction in both directions after shear

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B253

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

A cyclone's outflow is asymmetric in a way that the gradient-wind balance forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the storm's translation, which breaks the symmetry

Kill test

asymmetry independent of translation speed

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B254

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

Sea ice's permeability is anisotropic in a way that the random-pore model forbids

Mechanism

the crystal's preferred orientation produces a fabric

Kill test

isotropy in ice with a measured random texture

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B255

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

Infiltration is asymmetric with slope aspect in a way that the isotropic model forbids

Mechanism

the aspect controls solar loading and soil structure

Kill test

symmetry restored after aspect-matched controls

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B256

Domain

microbiology

Claim

A bacterium's motility is asymmetric fore–aft in a way that low-Reynolds swimming forbids

Mechanism

the flagellar bundle's polymorphism breaks the symmetry

Kill test

fore–aft symmetry in a bundle-locked mutant

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B257

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

A root system is asymmetric in a way that the isotropic foraging model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry tracks a nutrient gradient that is not measured

Kill test

symmetry when the gradient is homogenised

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B258

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

A neuron's dendritic integration is asymmetric in a way that the cable model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by ion-channel gradients along the dendrite

Kill test

symmetry when the gradient is clamped

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B259

Domain

immunology

Claim

Antibody binding is asymmetric between the two Fab arms in a way that the bivalent model forbids

Mechanism

the first binding event changes the second arm's affinity

Kill test

symmetric binding in a monovalent construct

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B260

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

A tissue's growth is asymmetric in a way that the isotropic expansion model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry tracks the extracellular matrix's anisotropy

Kill test

symmetry when the matrix is isotropic

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B261

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

A species' range is asymmetric in a way that the diffusion model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry tracks the prevailing wind or current

Kill test

symmetry when dispersal is experimentally equalised

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B262

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

A biomarker's distribution is asymmetric in a way that the log-normal model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is a mixture of two subpopulations

Kill test

symmetry after mixture separation

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B263

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

A drug's tissue distribution is asymmetric between left and right in a way that systemic perfusion forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is first-pass extraction by the lung

Kill test

symmetry after intravenous dosing that bypasses the lung

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B264

Domain

food-science

Claim

A food's texture is asymmetric between compression and tension in a way that the elastic model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the cell wall's buckling in compression

Kill test

symmetry in a cell-wall-free material

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B265

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

A crack's growth is asymmetric between the two tips in a way that the symmetric specimen forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the specimen's residual stress gradient

Kill test

symmetry in a stress-relieved specimen

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B266

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

A building's response is asymmetric between the two horizontal directions in a way that the symmetric plan forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the soil's anisotropy

Kill test

symmetry on isotropic soil

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B267

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

A cell's impedance is asymmetric between charge and discharge in a way that linear response forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is the charge-transfer coefficient's non-ideality

Kill test

symmetry in a symmetric couple

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B268

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

A machined surface's texture is asymmetric in a way that the isotropic tool model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the tool's wear-land

Kill test

symmetry with a fresh tool

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B269

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

A room's impulse response is asymmetric in time in a way that the linear model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the loudspeaker's nonlinearity

Kill test

symmetry with a low-distortion source

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B270

Domain

signal-information

Claim

A channel's error distribution is asymmetric in a way that the Gaussian model forbids

Mechanism

the asymmetry is produced by the quantiser's mid-tread versus mid-riser choice

Kill test

symmetry with a symmetric quantiser

Operator

9

Operator Name

Symmetry and antisymmetry

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B271

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

The thermopower of a doped semiconductor changes sign at a temperature where the mobility's temperature dependence reverses

Mechanism

the sign is set by the dominant scattering mechanism, not the carrier type

Kill test

sign change absent in a mobility-matched control

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B272

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

A suspension's normal stress changes sign with shear rate

Mechanism

the sign is set by the competition between particle migration and shear-induced diffusion

Kill test

sign constant across a rate decade

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B273

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

The electrode's potential shifts positively on illumination in a material with the expected negative photovoltage

Mechanism

the surface state's charging reverses the band bending

Kill test

sign independent of surface treatment

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B274

Domain

catalysis

Claim

A promoter that should increase activity decreases it at high coverage

Mechanism

the promoter blocks the site ensemble required by the rate-determining step

Kill test

monotonic activity increase with promoter coverage

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B275

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

Fluorescence intensity increases with temperature over a range where thermal quenching requires a decrease

Mechanism

the temperature releases a trapped exciton population

Kill test

monotonic decrease in a trap-free sample

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B276

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

The transient transmission increases where the excited-state absorption should decrease it

Mechanism

the probe's spectral position is on the anti-Stokes side, where band filling dominates

Kill test

sign independent of probe detuning

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B277

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

The qubit's frequency shifts up with applied gate voltage where the Stark effect requires a downshift

Mechanism

the gate changes the junction's charging energy through the dielectric's thickness

Kill test

shift direction independent of gate geometry

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B278

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

The clock's frequency shifts up with temperature where the cavity's expansion requires a downshift

Mechanism

the fibre path's index change dominates and has the opposite sign

Kill test

sign independent of fibre length

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B279

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

The detector's pulse height increases with bias where the field should improve collection and increase height

Mechanism

the increased bias raises the dark current, which compresses the amplifier's gain

Kill test

monotonic height with bias at constant dark current

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B280

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

A galaxy's rotation curve falls where the dark-matter halo requires it to be flat

Mechanism

the beam smearing at low inclination biases the outer velocities low

Kill test

decline persisting at high inclination

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B281

Domain

planetary

Claim

A polar deposit's brightness decreases with frost deposition where it should increase

Mechanism

the frost's grain size grows and the scattering moves from backward to forward

Kill test

brightness monotonic with deposition

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.33

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B282

Domain

geophysics

Claim

A fault's strength increases with pore pressure over a range where effective stress requires weakening

Mechanism

the pressure opens microcracks that increase the contact area before it reduces the effective stress

Kill test

monotonic weakening across the full pressure range

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B283

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

The aerosol's radiative forcing is positive at a wavelength where scattering requires negative

Mechanism

the absorbing fraction dominates at that wavelength because of the particle's size

Kill test

forcing sign independent of size

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

2.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B284

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

The sea ice's albedo increases with melt pond fraction over a range where ponds require a decrease

Mechanism

the ponds expose white ice beneath a thin, bright refrozen layer

Kill test

monotonic decrease across the pond fraction range

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B285

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

The infiltration rate decreases with initial moisture over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

wetting closes the macropores by swelling the clay

Kill test

monotonic increase in a non-swelling soil

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B286

Domain

microbiology

Claim

The growth rate decreases with temperature over a range where Arrhenius requires an increase

Mechanism

the membrane's lipid order changes, reducing nutrient uptake

Kill test

monotonic increase in a membrane-adapted strain

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B287

Domain

plant-agriculture

Claim

The photosynthetic rate decreases with CO₂ over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the stomatal closure reduces the transpiration-driven nutrient flux

Kill test

monotonic increase in a fertilised soil

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B288

Domain

neuroscience

Claim

The synaptic response decreases with release probability over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the vesicle pool depletion dominates at high probability

Kill test

monotonic increase at low stimulation rates

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B289

Domain

immunology

Claim

The antibody titre decreases with antigen dose over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

high-dose tolerance is induced

Kill test

monotonic increase across the whole range

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B290

Domain

developmental-biology

Claim

The growth rate decreases with nutrient over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the nutrient activates a growth suppressor above a threshold

Kill test

monotonic increase in a suppressor mutant

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B291

Domain

ecology-evolution

Claim

The diversity decreases with habitat area over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the larger area supports a predator that excludes competitors

Kill test

monotonic increase with predator removal

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B292

Domain

medicine-diagnostics

Claim

The biomarker decreases with disease severity over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the marker is consumed by the disease process above a threshold

Kill test

monotonic increase across the severity range

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B293

Domain

pharmacology

Claim

The drug's effect decreases with dose over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the drug induces its own metabolism above a threshold

Kill test

monotonic increase with a metabolism-resistant analogue

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B294

Domain

food-science

Claim

The shelf life increases with storage temperature over a range where it should decrease

Mechanism

the higher temperature keeps the product glassy and suppresses diffusion

Kill test

monotonic decrease across the temperature range

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B295

Domain

materials-failure

Claim

The wear rate decreases with load over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the higher load forms a protective tribofilm

Kill test

monotonic increase without a tribofilm former

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B296

Domain

structural-civil

Claim

The damping decreases with amplitude over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the amplitude closes the cracks that provide the damping

Kill test

monotonic increase in a precracked specimen

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B297

Domain

energy-systems

Claim

The cell's resistance decreases with state of charge over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the electrode's lattice expands and improves contact

Kill test

monotonic increase in a rigid-框架 material

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B298

Domain

manufacturing

Claim

The surface roughness decreases with feed rate over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the higher feed rate moves the tool into a smoother wear regime

Kill test

monotonic increase across the feed range

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B299

Domain

acoustics-vibration

Claim

The transmission loss decreases with the partition's mass over a range where the mass law requires an increase

Mechanism

the added mass lowers a coincidence frequency into the band

Kill test

monotonic increase across the band

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

0.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B300

Domain

signal-information

Claim

The bit error rate decreases with noise over a range where it should increase

Mechanism

the noise dithers the quantiser and breaks up a deterministic error pattern

Kill test

monotonic increase with a noise-free source

Operator

10

Operator Name

Sign reversal

File

02-operators-6-10.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R29

Id

B301

Domain

condensed-matter

Claim

A metal film's resistivity has a sharp kink at the thickness where the surface scattering length equals the grain size

Mechanism

below the kink the two scattering channels add in parallel; above it they add in series

Kill test

smooth resistivity–thickness curve through the predicted crossover

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.58

Read refinement R29

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B302

Domain

soft-matter

Claim

A colloidal gel has a sharp liquid–solid transition at a fixed number of bonds per particle, independent of chemistry

Mechanism

rigidity percolation requires an average coordination of 2.4

Kill test

transition at coordination values varying by more than 0.3 across chemistries

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

3.42

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened · refined R13

Id

B303

Domain

electrochemistry

Claim

Dendrite nucleation has a sharp threshold in the ratio of current density to the diffusion-limited current, at 0.8

Mechanism

above the threshold the depletion layer's instability growth rate exceeds the tip's stabilising surface tension

Kill test

nucleation at ratios varying by more than 20% across electrolytes

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

2.33

Read refinement R13

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B304

Domain

catalysis

Claim

Catalyst deactivation has a sharp onset at a coke loading that corresponds to one monolayer on the active phase

Mechanism

pore-mouth blocking becomes collective once the first monolayer is complete

Kill test

deactivation gradual through the monolayer point

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B305

Domain

photochemistry

Claim

Singlet fission has a sharp threshold in the excitation density where biexciton annihilation overtakes fission

Mechanism

the threshold is set by the ratio of the fission rate to the annihilation rate

Kill test

quantum yield smooth through the predicted density

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B306

Domain

ultrafast

Claim

Above a fluence threshold, the transient reflectivity's sign flips because the electron gas becomes degenerate

Mechanism

the Fermi level crosses the probe's transition energy at a computable carrier density

Kill test

no sign flip up to the damage threshold

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B307

Domain

quantum-devices

Claim

Above a critical photon number, a driven qubit's response becomes bistable, and the threshold is the duffing parameter

Mechanism

the Kerr nonlinearity balances the drive at a calculable amplitude

Kill test

response monotonic through the predicted amplitude

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B308

Domain

precision-metrology

Claim

Above a critical atom number, the clock's stability stops improving because of cavity pulling

Mechanism

the collective cooperativity exceeds one

Kill test

stability improving as √N beyond the predicted number

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.67

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B309

Domain

nuclear-particle

Claim

Above a critical event rate, the detector's dead time becomes nonlinear and the measured rate saturates at a calculable value

Mechanism

the paralysable model's maximum rate is 1/(eτ)

Kill test

measured rate exceeding the paralysable maximum

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

1.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B310

Domain

astrophysics

Claim

Above a critical accretion rate, the disc's spectrum switches from thin to slim in a sharp way

Mechanism

the transition occurs when the radiation pressure exceeds the gas pressure at the inner radius

Kill test

smooth spectral evolution through the transition

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B311

Domain

planetary

Claim

Above a critical obliquity, a planet's climate switches to a runaway state at a computable angle

Mechanism

the annual-mean insolation at the pole exceeds the threshold for ice-free conditions

Kill test

no switch across the predicted angle

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B312

Domain

geophysics

Claim

Above a critical slip rate, friction drops sharply (the flash-weakening threshold)

Mechanism

the contact junctions melt at a computable temperature

Kill test

smooth friction–velocity curve through the predicted rate

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.58

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B313

Domain

atmosphere

Claim

Above a critical aerosol loading, cloud droplet number saturates sharply and the indirect forcing stops scaling

Mechanism

the competition for water vapour limits activation

Kill test

forcing continuing to scale with loading

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.5

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis · screened

Id

B314

Domain

ocean-ice

Claim

Above a critical brine volume, sea ice becomes permeable in a sharp step at 5%

Mechanism

the pore network percolates at that fraction

Kill test

permeability smooth through 5%

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

1.83

Permanent entry link

Exploratory hypothesis

Id

B315

Domain

hydrology-soil

Claim

Above a critical rainfall intensity, infiltration switches from matrix to preferential flow in a sharp step

Mechanism

the surface storage exceeds the matrix's intake at a computable intensity

Kill test

smooth partition across intensity

Operator

11

Operator Name

Threshold law

File

03-operators-11-15.md

Score

0.33

Permanent entry link