## S2-0001
A severed fungal cord will discharge elastic recoil before its internal liquid pressure equilibrates.

Test: Image cut displacement and pressure-sensitive fluorescence at millisecond resolution.

Contrary: Recoil begins only after pressure equilibration.

Selection: Recoil and pressure can be temporally separated.

## S2-0002
A root hair wrapped around a glass fiber will retain torsional strain after plasmolysis.

Test: Measure fiber torque before and after controlled osmotic collapse.

Contrary: Torque vanishes with turgor within instrumental uncertainty.

Selection: Torque survives a decisive turgor-removal intervention.

## S2-0003
Dew formation on a detached leaf will first accelerate where subsurface veins interrupt thermal diffusion.

Test: Register infrared cooling and droplet nucleation with transmitted vein images.

Contrary: Nucleation follows surface roughness alone after temperature adjustment.

Selection: Registered vein and temperature maps permit confound adjustment.

## S2-0004
A dry moss cushion will transmit a hydration front through capillary bridges before individual leaves unfold.

Test: Track dyed water and leaf angles in simultaneous imaging.

Contrary: Unfolding consistently precedes bridge-mediated transport.

Selection: Capillary-front arrival and unfolding have separable timestamps.

## S2-0005
A seed-coat crack arrested during drying will reopen at a lower strain after rehydration without further crack growth.

Test: Cycle isolated coat strips while measuring crack tips and force.

Contrary: Reopening threshold is unchanged after geometry matching.

Selection: Repeated loading tests a specific mechanical memory.

## S2-0006
A fungal spore chain will exhibit sequential mechanical release because detaching one spore changes neighboring stalk tension.

Test: Apply calibrated lateral force to one spore and image adjacent release thresholds.

Contrary: Neighbor thresholds remain unchanged after the first release.

Selection: Neighbor release provides a within-chain causal contrast.

## S2-0007
A cellulose ribbon with one permanently wet edge will develop a localized torsional hinge rather than uniform curvature.

Test: Map three-dimensional shape and local water content under fixed edge hydration.

Contrary: Curvature remains distributed uniformly along the ribbon.

Selection: Local hydration and torsion can be imaged simultaneously.

## S2-0008
An isolated pinecone scale will show a delayed bend reversal when its two faces exchange moisture at different rates.

Test: Measure mass and curvature during a humidity step and its reversal.

Contrary: Bending remains monotonic through both transitions.

Selection: Passive motion allows face-specific hydraulic perturbation.

## S2-0009
A trapped air pocket inside a leaf vein analogue will produce a different acoustic response when pinned at a junction than when free in a straight channel.

Test: Compare matched bubble volumes using acoustic spectroscopy and microscopy.

Contrary: Junction and straight-channel spectra coincide after geometry correction.

Selection: Matched bubble volumes isolate junction pinning.

## S2-0010
A bacterial cellulose pellicle will arrest a drying crack when fibers rotate into the crack-tip tensile direction.

Test: Combine polarized imaging and crack tracking in cell-free dried pellicles.

Contrary: Arrest occurs without measurable local fiber rotation.

Selection: Fiber orientation provides a proposed crack-arrest mediator.

## S2-0011
A pollen-free flower petal will change its angular scattering pattern before visible wilting as internal air spaces collapse.

Test: Measure angle-resolved scattering and microtomographic void fraction during dehydration.

Contrary: Scattering changes arise only after macroscopic shape collapse.

Selection: Scattering and void fraction provide independent observables.

## S2-0012
A fungal hypha crossing a narrow groove will store bending energy that biases the position of its next branch.

Test: Track branch positions before and after releasing groove contact.

Contrary: Branch placement is independent of measured stored curvature.

Selection: Mechanical release can test whether curvature predicts branching.

## S2-0013
A plant cuticle peeled from its support will retain asymmetric gas permeability after mechanical flattening.

Test: Measure bidirectional gas transport through the same flattened membrane.

Contrary: Transport becomes reciprocal once the shape is flattened.

Selection: Same-membrane reversal permits reciprocal transport testing.

## S2-0014
A fern sporangium will lose snap speed when water drainage is restricted even at matched initial curvature.

Test: Measure high-speed release with and without a drainage-blocking inert coating.

Contrary: Snap speed is unchanged after curvature and mass matching.

Selection: High-speed kinematics exposes an established poroelastic alternative.

## S2-0015
A seed awn touching a rough surface will move farther per humidity cycle when microscopic contact slips occur near peak torque.

Test: Synchronize torque, contact imaging, and displacement.

Contrary: Step length has no relationship to slip timing.

Selection: Slip timing can be compared directly with torque.

## S2-0016
A growing root confined in a compliant sleeve will create a traveling wall-buckling mode before axial growth stalls.

Test: Measure sleeve shape and root extension using time-lapse microscopy.

Contrary: Growth stalls without a preceding propagating buckle.

Selection: A transparent compliant sleeve makes buckling observable.

## S2-0017
A hydrated lichen section will exhibit anisotropic heat diffusion aligned with internal fungal bundles.

Test: Measure directional thermal transients and bundle orientation in sectioned nonliving material.

Contrary: Thermal diffusivity is isotropic after water-content correction.

Selection: Nonliving sections separate anatomy from metabolic heat.

## S2-0018
A mechanically opened stomatal pore in an isolated epidermal strip will change local evaporative cooling over a larger area than its own aperture.

Test: Map infrared temperature while fixing pore geometry mechanically.

Contrary: Cooling remains confined to the aperture at the optical resolution limit.

Selection: Mechanically fixed apertures isolate an evaporative geometry effect.

## S2-0019
A hollow reed segment will dissipate bending energy through gas compression when both ends are sealed.

Test: Measure cyclic mechanical loss before and after reversible venting.

Contrary: Sealing changes neither phase lag nor energy loss.

Selection: Reversible venting isolates cavity-gas contribution.

## S2-0020
A fungal fruiting-body gill will wick condensed water preferentially toward its thicker support junction.

Test: Track droplets on isolated gills held at equal height.

Contrary: Water transport has no directional bias after contact-angle correction.

Selection: Level gills permit a gravity-controlled wicking test.

## S2-0021
A wax crystal layer on a leaf replica will resist droplet impalement better after reversible lateral compression.

Test: Measure breakthrough pressure while imaging crystal spacing.

Contrary: Compression provides no increase beyond changes in exposed solid fraction.

Selection: Crystal spacing and breakthrough pressure can be measured independently.

## S2-0022
A rhizoid mat will keep sediment suspended longer by elastic recoil after a flow pulse ends.

Test: Track sediment and mat motion in a transparent flume.

Contrary: Suspension decay matches rigid-mat controls of equal roughness.

Selection: Rigid geometry controls separate recoil from roughness.

## S2-0023
A detached leaf's acoustic resonance will reveal midrib delamination before the delamination becomes visible in reflectance.

Test: Compare vibrational spectra with blinded destructive sectioning.

Contrary: Resonance shifts cannot distinguish delamination from water loss.

Selection: Destructive sectioning can validate an early acoustic predictor.

## S2-0024
A dried fruit valve will release stored energy in two stages if its inner tissue remains partially hydrated.

Test: Measure force and high-speed shape during humidity-controlled opening.

Contrary: Release is single-stage across verified hydration contrasts.

Selection: Humidity and force measurements resolve staged release.

## S2-0025
A plant-derived porous membrane will concentrate dissolved solute at fiber crossings during intermittent evaporation.

Test: Map fluorescence around crossings under pulsed and steady equal-loss evaporation.

Contrary: Concentration profiles are indistinguishable after total water-loss matching.

Selection: Pulsed and steady drying can be matched by water loss.

## S2-0026
A dead wood vessel network will trap a reproducible residual liquid fraction determined by junction connectivity rather than mean pore diameter.

Test: Image drainage in matched reconstructed networks with distinct connectivity.

Contrary: Residual fractions follow pore diameter and ignore connectivity.

Selection: Reconstructed networks isolate connectivity from pore diameter.

## S2-0027
A cellulose fibril bundle will recover tensile stiffness after rest because interfibril water redistributes away from highly stressed contacts.

Test: Measure stiffness recovery alongside spatial water spectroscopy.

Contrary: Recovery occurs without contact-water redistribution or persists in dry controls.

Selection: Spatial water measurements test a proposed stiffness-recovery mediator.

## S2-0028
A fungal mycelium sheet will transmit a local indentation through tensile strands farther than predicted by its bulk elastic modulus.

Test: Map displacement and compare a homogeneous continuum fitted independently.

Contrary: Far-field motion agrees with the homogeneous prediction.

Selection: Full-field indentation tests a falsifiable continuum prediction.

## S2-0029
A seed mucilage halo will delay salt entry more than a neutral tracer of matched diffusivity because fixed charges exclude ions.

Test: Measure salt and neutral tracer profiles in intact halos.

Contrary: Salt enters at the same normalized rate after partition correction.

Selection: Neutral tracers and ionic screening challenge electrostatic exclusion.

## S2-0030
A dry grass stem will twist under a radial thermal gradient even when humidity is fixed.

Test: Measure torsion under reversed heating direction in sealed dry gas.

Contrary: Twist disappears after removing residual humidity gradients.

Selection: Sealed dry gas removes hygroscopic torsion confounds.

## S2-0031
A cell-free actin ring tethered sparsely to a membrane will redistribute anchors before undergoing oval collapse.

Test: Image anchor locations and ring modes while controlling filament turnover.

Contrary: Ovalization precedes anchor redistribution or occurs with immobile anchors equally.

Selection: Anchor mobility can be manipulated independently of ring shape.

## S2-0032
A lipid tube will develop a stationary radius gradient when membrane-bound enzymes alter curvature only near one end.

Test: Image tube radius and enzyme location while preventing bulk flow.

Contrary: Radius remains uniform despite verified localized enzymatic activity.

Selection: Localized enzyme activity predicts a spatial radius profile.

## S2-0033
An encapsulated enzymatic reaction will synchronize two vesicle shape oscillations through exchange of a membrane-permeable product.

Test: Track paired vesicles and compare impermeable-product controls.

Contrary: Oscillations show no excess phase coordination over isolated vesicles.

Selection: Product permeability provides a specific coupling intervention.

## S2-0034
A supported lipid membrane containing immobile obstacles will preserve an adsorption pattern after soluble protein is washed away.

Test: Track fluorescent protein retention around obstacles after washout.

Contrary: Retention is spatially uniform or explained entirely by direct obstacle binding.

Selection: Obstacle binding can be distinguished from diffusion trapping.

## S2-0035
A DNA origami hinge will exhibit a nonmonotonic closing rate when its charged arms approach within the ion-screening length.

Test: Measure single-hinge kinetics while independently calibrating electrostatic interaction.

Contrary: Closing kinetics remain monotonic within resolved distances.

Selection: Single-hinge kinetics permits distance-resolved testing.

## S2-0036
A coacervate droplet containing a reversible binding scaffold will retain substrate after dilution longer than partition equilibrium predicts.

Test: Measure substrate efflux and compare equilibrium partition coefficients.

Contrary: Efflux follows a diffusion model using measured partitioning alone.

Selection: Measured partitioning defines an explicit null release model.

## S2-0037
An RNA hairpin tethered near a lipid surface will unfold asymmetrically under alternating pulling directions.

Test: Use optical tweezers with matched force-loading rates and tether lengths.

Contrary: Unfolding distributions coincide after geometric correction.

Selection: Direction reversal tests tether-surface asymmetry.

## S2-0038
A cell-free protein condensate will form a persistent hollow core when a reaction consumes its scaffold faster at the center than the boundary.

Test: Image scaffold and product during spatially resolved catalysis.

Contrary: Droplets shrink uniformly despite the intended reaction profile.

Selection: Reaction and scaffold maps expose hollow-core formation.

## S2-0039
A synthetic membrane pore with a flexible rim will pass pulsed solute flux more efficiently than steady flux at equal mean pressure.

Test: Measure integrated transport while imaging pore deformation.

Contrary: Integrated transport equals the steady-pressure baseline.

Selection: Equal-pressure-integral protocols test a nonlinear transport claim.

## S2-0040
A surface-tethered enzyme will recover activity after reversible unfolding faster when neighboring tethers prevent lateral aggregation.

Test: Measure folding-sensitive fluorescence and catalytic recovery at controlled spacing.

Contrary: Recovery is independent of spacing after substrate access correction.

Selection: Spacing controls separate aggregation from substrate access.

## S2-0041
A rotating magnetic bead inside a vesicle will organize membrane domains at a preferred phase of the rotation cycle.

Test: Correlate domain motion with internal flow and bead phase.

Contrary: Domain positions remain phase-independent above thermal noise.

Selection: Rotation phase creates an unambiguous synchronization observable.

## S2-0042
A ribozyme trapped inside a porous gel bead will show reaction bursts caused by local product-mediated swelling.

Test: Measure product release and bead radius simultaneously.

Contrary: Product release is smooth or bursts persist without swelling.

Selection: Product and radius traces test swelling-mediated bursts.

## S2-0043
A pair of complementary DNA-coated droplets will detach faster under oscillatory shear when bond exchange resonates with the forcing period.

Test: Measure survival curves against independently measured exchange times.

Contrary: Detachment has no period-specific excess beyond peak shear.

Selection: Independent exchange times predict a shear-period optimum.

## S2-0044
A reconstituted microtubule bundle will redirect a propagating bend at an abrupt change in crosslink mobility.

Test: Track bending waves across patterned crosslink regions.

Contrary: Transmission and reflection match uniform-mobility controls.

Selection: Patterned crosslink regions permit localized wave-scattering tests.

## S2-0045
A membrane-enclosed phase-separated droplet will migrate away from a locally stiffened membrane patch through curvature energy alone.

Test: Photostiffen one membrane patch while tracking droplet position and temperature.

Contrary: Migration vanishes after accounting for illumination-driven flow.

Selection: Curvature and flow controls challenge the migration mechanism.

## S2-0046
A short peptide assembly will retain chirality after its soluble monomer pool is rendered racemic if end exchange is kinetically blocked.

Test: Measure circular dichroism and monomer composition during end-capping and uncapping.

Contrary: Chiral signal follows monomer racemization regardless of end access.

Selection: End blocking tests kinetic preservation of chirality.

## S2-0047
A compartmentalized enzyme cascade will reduce intermediate loss when its compartments deform to increase contact area.

Test: Compare product yield and contact geometry in deformable and rigid matched compartments.

Contrary: Yield gains disappear after correcting permeability and enzyme loading.

Selection: Rigid and deformable compartments isolate contact adaptation.

## S2-0048
A fluid membrane on a corrugated support will suppress protein clustering at convex ridges by raising the cost of local deformation.

Test: Map clusters and curvature with uniform protein density.

Contrary: Clusters show no curvature preference after accessibility correction.

Selection: Support curvature permits a spatial clustering contrast.

## S2-0049
A DNA hydrogel strand will rectify swelling under symmetric salt cycles if one end is mechanically clamped.

Test: Track directional solvent motion and strain during repeated symmetric cycles.

Contrary: Net motion is zero within drift uncertainty.

Selection: Clamping tests a proposed cyclic swelling rectifier.

## S2-0050
A light-driven proton gradient in synthetic vesicles will alter their collision coalescence probability before measurable bulk heating.

Test: Measure pH, temperature, and fusion events under pulsed illumination.

Contrary: Fusion changes are fully reproduced by matched heating alone.

Selection: Temperature monitoring challenges photothermal fusion alternatives.

## S2-0051
A clay aggregate containing an internal gas pocket will fragment earlier during rapid rewetting because compressed gas opens existing cracks.

Test: Compare fragmentation and pressure with evacuated matched aggregates.

Contrary: Evacuating gas does not change fragmentation at matched wetting rate.

Selection: Evacuated aggregates isolate trapped-gas fragmentation.

## S2-0052
An iron oxide surface with a moving redox boundary will accumulate phosphate at the boundary rather than uniformly across reduced areas.

Test: Map oxidation state and phosphate during controlled electrochemical reduction.

Contrary: Phosphate follows only total reduced surface area.

Selection: Spatial redox mapping tests boundary-localized adsorption.

## S2-0053
A thin mineral film will develop lateral electrical conductivity before bulk crystallinity becomes detectable during dehydration.

Test: Measure in-plane impedance and diffraction simultaneously.

Contrary: Conductivity changes appear only after detectable bulk crystallization.

Selection: Simultaneous diffraction challenges a precrystalline conduction claim.

## S2-0054
A dissolving carbonate grain will emit intermittent acoustic events when internal stress is released at impurity bands.

Test: Record acoustic emission and image exposed band positions during dissolution.

Contrary: Events have no spatial or temporal relation to band exposure.

Selection: Bands and acoustic events can be registered in space.

## S2-0055
A freeze-thaw cycle will preferentially expel dissolved silica from narrow dead-end pores into connecting channels.

Test: Map silica in transparent pore replicas before and after freezing.

Contrary: Redistribution follows melt mixing alone and lacks dead-end enrichment loss.

Selection: Transparent dead-end pores permit direct solute tracking.

## S2-0056
A mineral colloid with a patchy charge distribution will form chains under a salt gradient even when its mean zeta potential is zero.

Test: Image assembly while measuring individual charge heterogeneity and flow.

Contrary: Chains vanish when bulk flow is eliminated or require nonzero mean charge.

Selection: Flow markers challenge apparent gradient-induced chain formation.

## S2-0057
A sulfide-free iron redox gel will generate a transient permeability minimum at the moving oxidation front.

Test: Track tracer permeability and oxidation state in a thin gel.

Contrary: Permeability changes remain spatially uniform.

Selection: A moving front offers a localized permeability contrast.

## S2-0058
An evaporating brine inside a porous stone will form a salt crust that redirects subsequent vapor escape through previously inactive pores.

Test: Map vapor flux before and after crust formation.

Contrary: Vapor pathways remain proportional to their initial conductance.

Selection: Vapor mapping tests rerouting after crust formation.

## S2-0059
A manganese oxide film will retain a local redox history as a measurable change in adsorption hysteresis after returning to its original average oxidation state.

Test: Cycle potential and compare adsorption on locally resolved regions.

Contrary: Hysteresis collapses when average oxidation state is restored.

Selection: Restored mean oxidation distinguishes local from bulk history.

## S2-0060
An organic coating on a mineral grain will rupture first where a passing air-water interface changes curvature most rapidly.

Test: Image coating defects during controlled interface motion.

Contrary: Rupture sites are unrelated to interface curvature change.

Selection: Interface motion can be varied without changing coating chemistry.

## S2-0061
A layered sediment analogue will develop a temporary upward solute flux after surface cooling despite stable mean density stratification.

Test: Measure temperature and concentration profiles with flow tracers.

Contrary: Any upward flux is explained by bulk overturning or measurement drift.

Selection: Stable density controls challenge a nonconvective upward flux.

## S2-0062
A trapped nanobubble population will delay mineral precipitation by sequestering nucleation-active organic molecules at gas interfaces.

Test: Compare precipitation lag, interfacial organic concentration, and degassed controls.

Contrary: Lag is unchanged after bubble removal at matched dissolved gas.

Selection: Bubble removal directly tests interfacial sequestration.

## S2-0063
A porous electrode will lose accessible reactive area before its electrical conductivity changes when precipitation selectively blocks pore throats.

Test: Measure electrochemical area, tomography, and conductivity during fouling.

Contrary: Area decline coincides with bulk conductivity loss or uniform coating.

Selection: Independent conductivity and area measurements separate fouling mechanisms.

## S2-0064
A calcite surface exposed to intermittent undersaturation will retain deeper etch pits than one exposed continuously to the same integrated dissolution drive.

Test: Measure pit topography and total dissolved mass under matched exposure integrals.

Contrary: Pit-depth distributions coincide after dissolved-mass matching.

Selection: AFM can resolve a pulse-history effect on pit geometry.

## S2-0065
A layered clay film will pump interlayer water laterally during a traveling thermal wave without net bulk evaporation.

Test: Measure isotopic water displacement in a sealed cell with reversed wave direction.

Contrary: Displacement does not reverse or remains within diffusive uncertainty.

Selection: A sealed cell makes net evaporation an exclusion control.

## S2-0066
A chemically oscillating droplet will imprint oscillation periods as discrete mineral bands when its boundary feeds a supersaturated solution.

Test: Measure chemical oscillations and band spacing during growth.

Contrary: Band chronology does not correlate with recorded oscillations.

Selection: Recorded oscillations provide an external mineral-band clock.

## S2-0067
A wetted silica crack will arrest abruptly when condensation at its narrow tip changes local surface stress.

Test: Measure crack velocity and tip water uptake under humidity control.

Contrary: Arrest lacks a tip-condensation threshold and follows bulk humidity only.

Selection: Tip-condensation imaging challenges a sharp arrest mechanism.

## S2-0068
A redox-active mineral bed will release a sharper concentration pulse after flow reversal than an inert bed with equal sorption capacity.

Test: Compare tracer breakthrough and oxidation states during reversed flow.

Contrary: Pulse sharpening is reproduced by inert sorption alone.

Selection: Inert sorption controls challenge a redox-specific pulse.

## S2-0069
A sparse biochar network will transport heat preferentially through condensed water bridges during humidification before bulk saturation.

Test: Measure thermal conductance and water-bridge formation simultaneously.

Contrary: Conductance rises only with continuous bulk liquid pathways.

Selection: Water bridges and heat transfer can be measured jointly.

## S2-0070
A dissolution-generated porous shell will slow reaction through internal stress closure of pores rather than increasing diffusion length alone.

Test: Measure reaction rate, strain, and porosity before and after mechanical unloading.

Contrary: Unloading does not restore transport at unchanged shell thickness.

Selection: Mechanical unloading tests stress-closed transport pathways.

## S2-0071
A photonic hydrogel containing trapped solvent domains will exhibit spectral hysteresis proportional to domain coalescence events.

Test: Count coalescence and spectral shifts during a reversible temperature cycle.

Contrary: Spectral hysteresis persists without coalescence or follows equilibrium swelling alone.

Selection: Coalescence counts provide a specific optical hysteresis mediator.

## S2-0072
A dielectric microsphere resting on a soft film will alter its optical resonance through mechanically induced indentation at constant refractive index.

Test: Measure resonance and indentation while varying load independently of chemistry.

Contrary: Resonance shifts disappear after refractive-index correction.

Selection: Load variation separates indentation from chemistry.

## S2-0073
A patterned absorber will create an annular condensation zone by radiatively cooling its edge faster than its center.

Test: Map temperature and condensation with convection suppressed.

Contrary: Condensation lacks an edge maximum despite verified radiative contrast.

Selection: Suppressed convection tests radiative edge condensation.

## S2-0074
A thin transparent laminate will display an optical precursor to interfacial slip through polarization-dependent phase changes.

Test: Compare interferometry with displacement microscopy during shear.

Contrary: Phase changes begin only after resolved macroscopic slip.

Selection: Independent displacement can validate an optical slip precursor.

## S2-0075
A rough reflective membrane will narrow its scattering lobe under acoustic excitation because reversible wrinkles align with stress nodes.

Test: Measure angular scattering and wrinkle orientation during a standing wave.

Contrary: Scattering changes are explained by rigid-body motion alone.

Selection: Rigid-motion controls challenge a wrinkle-based scattering effect.

## S2-0076
A fluorescent nanoparticle aggregate will show a delayed color recovery after strain release because interparticle gaps relax through solvent drainage.

Test: Measure emission spectrum, gap spacing, and solvent motion after unloading.

Contrary: Color recovery follows immediate elastic recovery without drainage dependence.

Selection: Gap spacing tests drainage-mediated color recovery.

## S2-0077
A porous optical film will distinguish vapor condensation from surface adsorption through opposite signs of angular resonance shift.

Test: Measure resonance versus angle alongside independent water uptake and imaging.

Contrary: Both uptake modes generate indistinguishable signed angular responses.

Selection: Water imaging distinguishes pore filling from adsorption.

## S2-0078
A mechanically bistable optical grating will retain a readable strain-event record after its external force returns to zero.

Test: Apply threshold-crossing pulses and read diffraction after unloading.

Contrary: Diffraction returns to its starting pattern on every cycle.

Selection: A bistable grating gives a simple retained-event readout.

## S2-0079
A levitated droplet containing absorbing particles will stabilize an off-center particle cloud through a balance of thermophoresis and internal recirculation.

Test: Image temperature and particle distribution while reversing illumination direction.

Contrary: Cloud position follows only gravity or acoustic trapping.

Selection: Illumination reversal tests cloud-position feedback.

## S2-0080
A transparent crack filled with a volatile liquid will produce a moving interference fringe that predicts the location of subsequent crack reopening.

Test: Map fringes and reopening under calibrated tensile loading.

Contrary: Fringe position has no predictive value beyond crack geometry.

Selection: Reopening can be predicted prospectively from fringe location.

## S2-0081
A metallic mesh embedded in a hydrogel will concentrate optical heating at newly formed microcracks before its electrical resistance changes.

Test: Map thermal hotspots, cracks, and resistance under subfailure strain.

Contrary: Hotspots are absent or appear only after resistance changes.

Selection: Electrical resistance provides an independent crack-detection benchmark.

## S2-0082
A water film on a tilted textured surface will exhibit a directional infrared emission difference caused by thickness gradients at pinned menisci.

Test: Measure polarized directional emissivity and film thickness under reversed tilt.

Contrary: Emission asymmetry remains unchanged when meniscus gradients reverse.

Selection: Tilt reversal tests meniscus-induced emissivity asymmetry.

## S2-0083
A laser-heated mineral grain will produce a thermal relaxation shoulder that reports a hidden fluid inclusion's phase change.

Test: Compare thermal transients with independently imaged inclusions and calorimetry.

Contrary: Relaxation shoulders occur equally in inclusion-free grains.

Selection: Inclusion tomography validates thermal phase-change attribution.

## S2-0084
A flexible waveguide will discriminate bending from axial stretch through the ratio of two guided-mode losses.

Test: Calibrate independent loading modes and test blinded combined loads.

Contrary: Mode-loss ratios cannot separate bending and stretch beyond noise.

Selection: Blinded combined loads test mode-ratio identifiability.

## S2-0085
A chiral array of passive resonators will reverse the rotation of a floating object when acoustic frequency crosses a collective resonance.

Test: Track torque and pressure fields across the resonance.

Contrary: Torque retains its sign after accounting for streaming.

Selection: Torque and pressure mapping challenge streaming explanations.

## S2-0086
A wetting front in a disordered optical fiber bundle will produce a reproducible speckle transition before liquid reaches the observation face.

Test: Correlate speckle statistics with tomographic front position.

Contrary: Speckle changes begin only when the front reaches the face.

Selection: Tomography establishes whether speckle precedes front arrival.

## S2-0087
A phase-changing microcapsule layer will reduce thermal overshoot more when capsules communicate through contact than when dispersed at identical loading.

Test: Measure temperature transients and capsule phase fractions with contact topology controlled.

Contrary: Overshoot depends only on total latent heat.

Selection: Equal latent heat isolates capsule-contact topology.

## S2-0088
A suspended membrane with asymmetric edge damping will direct vibrational energy toward the less damped boundary after an initially symmetric impulse.

Test: Map transient vibration and energy flux with reversed damping pattern.

Contrary: Energy remains symmetric after geometric imperfections are controlled.

Selection: Reversed damping tests transient directional energy flow.

## S2-0089
A granular transparent screen will retain an optical signature of prior sound exposure through irreversible contact rearrangements below bulk yielding.

Test: Measure speckle and contact positions before and after calibrated sound pulses.

Contrary: Optical changes vanish after environmental drift correction.

Selection: Contact imaging challenges a persistent acoustic speckle memory.

## S2-0090
A sealed capillary containing a liquid-vapor plug will convert a symmetric temperature oscillation into net plug displacement when its wall has a sawtooth wettability profile.

Test: Track plug motion while reversing the wall pattern.

Contrary: Net displacement is zero or does not reverse with the pattern.

Selection: Pattern reversal provides a decisive capillary rectification control.