## S5-0001
A reconstituted enzyme cascade should recover faster after oxygen starvation when its intermediate is reversibly stored in a separate liquid phase.

Test: Measure intermediate partitioning and restart kinetics.

Contrary: Restart matches a homogeneous control with equal intermediate inventory.

Selection: Intermediate partitioning and restart latency can be measured independently.

## S5-0002
A single synthetic vesicle should retain an internal salt gradient after division when a preexisting gel partitions asymmetrically.

Test: Measure daughter ion profiles and gel mass.

Contrary: Daughter gradients follow volume division alone.

Selection: Daughter salt and gel distributions give paired observables.

## S5-0003
A membrane-coated colloid should creep across an adhesive patch through repeated bond exchange without net external force.

Test: Track motion with reversible-binding and temperature controls.

Contrary: Motion remains within unbiased diffusion.

Selection: Bond exchange offers a reversible intervention on surface motion.

## S5-0004
A cell-free contractile ring should form a rotating gap when crosslink renewal is slower than motor-generated compression.

Test: Image ring density, gap motion and crosslink turnover.

Contrary: Gaps remain stationary or turnover-independent.

Selection: Gap rotation can be compared with measured renewal kinetics.

## S5-0005
An enzyme tether should act as a mechanical fuse by unfolding before its support bond breaks.

Test: Measure force and catalytic activity during loading.

Contrary: Support rupture consistently precedes unfolding.

Selection: Force spectroscopy directly orders unfolding and anchor rupture.

## S5-0006
A porous synthetic organelle should preserve reaction selectivity during dilution by retaining a bound cofactor.

Test: Measure cofactor occupancy and product ratios.

Contrary: Selectivity is unchanged in a cofactor-nonbinding control.

Selection: Cofactor occupancy challenges dilution-protection alternatives.

## S5-0007
A DNA-based spring should exhibit unequal thermal expansion along compressed and extended branches of its force curve.

Test: Measure length versus temperature at fixed forces.

Contrary: Thermal response is branch-independent.

Selection: Force branches permit a specific thermomechanical comparison.

## S5-0008
A membrane invagination should capture a solute pulse preferentially when its closing time matches the pulse duration.

Test: Measure trapped cargo versus closure timing.

Contrary: Capture follows final enclosed volume alone.

Selection: Closure timing provides a controlled cargo-capture window.

## S5-0009
A molecularly crowded compartment should develop an internal temperature gradient under uniform external heating because heat-producing enzymes partition unevenly.

Test: Map local temperature and enzyme density.

Contrary: Temperature remains uniform within calibrated resolution.

Selection: Temperature mapping supplies a demanding negative test.

## S5-0010
A cell-free filament rotor should lock to an external oscillation through temporary contact with a soft boundary.

Test: Measure phase and contact timing.

Contrary: Locking persists when boundary contact is prevented equally.

Selection: Boundary contact can be removed without changing forcing.

## S5-0011
A protein condensate should age unevenly when its surface adsorbs a monomer that arrests internal exchange.

Test: Measure exchange profiles and adsorbate density.

Contrary: Aging remains spatially uniform.

Selection: Spatial exchange profiles test nonuniform condensate aging.

## S5-0012
A supported bilayer should relieve excess area by opening a traveling fold that follows a line of weak adhesion.

Test: Track area, folds and adhesion map.

Contrary: Folds cross weak and strong regions indiscriminately.

Selection: Patterned adhesion challenges a traveling-fold route.

## S5-0013
An artificial pore should become more selective after partial obstruction because flexible cargo aligns in the remaining aperture.

Test: Measure cargo orientation and translocation.

Contrary: Selectivity follows residual area without alignment.

Selection: Cargo alignment can be imaged during translocation.

## S5-0014
A molecular assembly should detect oscillatory strain through accumulation of exchange defects even when its final shape recovers.

Test: Measure defect count after controlled strain cycles.

Contrary: Defects match static-load controls of equal duration.

Selection: Persistent defects can be read after shape recovery.

## S5-0015
A vesicle containing an internal foam should resist puncture through redistribution of bubble pressure.

Test: Measure bubble pressure and puncture energy.

Contrary: Foam gives no benefit after mass and viscosity matching.

Selection: Bubble pressure distinguishes foam cushioning from viscosity.

## S5-0016
An enzyme gel should generate a moving mechanical pulse when product converts a temporary crosslink into a permanent one.

Test: Image reaction and strain fronts.

Contrary: Strain remains localized to the initial trigger.

Selection: Reaction and strain fronts provide a causal timing test.

## S5-0017
A DNA-coated surface should organize a droplet's contact line through sequence-specific bridges without changing bulk surface tension.

Test: Measure contact shape and molecular binding.

Contrary: Shape is fully explained by nonspecific adsorption.

Selection: Sequence-specific binding offers a chemistry-matched control.

## S5-0018
A membrane tube should release internal cargo in packets when moving constrictions divide its lumen.

Test: Image constrictions and efflux.

Contrary: Release remains continuous despite lumen segmentation.

Selection: Lumen imaging tests packet formation directly.

## S5-0019
A peptide fiber should grow faster after bending exposes a normally buried lateral nucleation surface.

Test: Measure monomer addition along curved and straight segments.

Contrary: Growth remains confined to ends.

Selection: Lateral growth sites can be localized after bending.

## S5-0020
A cell-free metabolic oscillator should exhibit a refractory interval set by reversible membrane sequestration of a catalyst.

Test: Measure catalyst partition and pulse response.

Contrary: Refractoriness persists after sequestration is blocked.

Selection: Catalyst sequestration can be measured during refractoriness.

## S5-0021
A synthetic droplet network should reroute substrate after one compartment becomes mechanically compressed.

Test: Measure fluxes and contact areas.

Contrary: Rerouting follows concentration changes without geometry dependence.

Selection: Compartment deformation permits a geometric rerouting test.

## S5-0022
A filament bundle should generate a torsional pulse when a crosslink cluster detaches under sustained tension.

Test: Record twist, force and cluster loss.

Contrary: Detachment creates no twist above Brownian fluctuations.

Selection: Cluster detachment and torque can be synchronized.

## S5-0023
A molecular cage should retain a guest longer after being deformed and restored because its opening changes registry.

Test: Measure structure and escape kinetics.

Contrary: Registry and retention reset immediately.

Selection: Structural registry challenges a guest-retention mechanism.

## S5-0024
A bilayer patch should exhibit a local permeability minimum at the boundary between oppositely curved regions.

Test: Map curvature and tracer leakage.

Contrary: Permeability follows curvature magnitude alone.

Selection: Opposite curvature regions provide a spatial internal control.

## S5-0025
A cell-free reaction front should navigate around a depleted zone through enzyme redistribution at its leading edge.

Test: Track enzyme and product.

Contrary: Front routing occurs without enzyme movement.

Selection: Enzyme mapping challenges autonomous front navigation.

## S5-0026
An anchored polymer brush should slow protein unfolding by restricting solvent rearrangement rather than binding the protein.

Test: Measure unfolding and local solvent dynamics.

Contrary: Protection disappears when binding is removed despite unchanged solvent dynamics.

Selection: Nonbinding brushes challenge solvent-mediated protection.

## S5-0027
A lipid vesicle should rupture at a reproducible phase of an osmotic oscillation because membrane tension lags volume.

Test: Measure tension, volume and rupture phase.

Contrary: Rupture probability depends only on instantaneous volume.

Selection: Rupture phase tests a tension-volume lag.

## S5-0028
A self-assembled protein tube should repair a missing segment through sliding of overlapping layers.

Test: Label layers and monitor repair.

Contrary: Repair requires only new subunit addition.

Selection: Old-layer labels distinguish sliding repair from new assembly.

## S5-0029
A coacervate film should retain an electrical polarization after shear aligns its charged polymer domains.

Test: Measure domains and voltage decay.

Contrary: Polarization disappears with cessation of shear.

Selection: Domain alignment and voltage are independent observables.

## S5-0030
A DNA network should form a stress shadow that protects neighboring bonds after one bond ruptures.

Test: Map local forces and rupture correlations.

Contrary: Neighbor rupture is independent of the first event.

Selection: Local force maps challenge a protective stress shadow.

## S5-0031
A leaf's drying front should bypass a water-rich vein and create an isolated hydrated island.

Test: Map water with registered vein geometry.

Contrary: Hydrated regions remain continuously connected.

Selection: Water mapping can establish true hydraulic isolation.

## S5-0032
A dormant seed should transmit an applied pressure pulse through its internal gas cavity before its liquid tissues respond.

Test: Measure acoustic and mechanical phase.

Contrary: Responses show no separable gas-mediated arrival.

Selection: Separate acoustic arrival times test a gas pathway.

## S5-0033
A fungal cord should resist pullout from a pore through reversible flattening at the pore exit.

Test: Image shape and extraction force.

Contrary: Flattening provides no additional resistance.

Selection: Exit flattening can be imaged during extraction.

## S5-0034
A fern leaflet should shed water at a fold threshold selected by joint compliance rather than contact angle.

Test: Measure joint stiffness and droplet release.

Contrary: Release depends only on wetting properties.

Selection: Joint compliance can be varied without changing wetting.

## S5-0035
A moss cushion should ventilate internally during elastic recovery after rain impact.

Test: Measure air flow and cushion strain.

Contrary: Air motion is explained solely by external impact flow.

Selection: Airflow can be synchronized with cushion recoil.

## S5-0036
A dead root should retain torsional stiffness after longitudinal cracking because intact circumferential wall bands bridge the crack.

Test: Image bands and torque.

Contrary: Stiffness collapses despite intact bands.

Selection: Intact wall bands provide a mechanical load-path test.

## S5-0037
A seed coat should redistribute absorbed water tangentially before radial entry through its inner layer.

Test: Map time-resolved water profiles.

Contrary: Water moves predominantly radially from onset.

Selection: Depth-resolved water distinguishes tangential from radial entry.

## S5-0038
A fungal mat should store a local compression event as residual orientation of its wall fragments after drying.

Test: Map orientation before and after loading.

Contrary: Orientation lacks a localized event trace.

Selection: Residual orientation provides a readable compression trace.

## S5-0039
A pine scale should twist during drying when its vascular bundle lies off the mechanical neutral axis.

Test: Measure bundle placement and three-dimensional curvature.

Contrary: Twist is independent of bundle eccentricity.

Selection: Three-dimensional imaging tests off-axis scale torsion.

## S5-0040
A plant fiber should resist abrasive wear better when its lumen collapses into a load-spreading ribbon.

Test: Measure cross-section and wear rate.

Contrary: Wear follows surface chemistry alone.

Selection: Lumen shape can be measured before wear testing.

## S5-0041
A leaf surface should change droplet bouncing threshold after reversible microscopic wax reorientation.

Test: Measure wax angles and rebound.

Contrary: Threshold changes lack wax reorientation.

Selection: Wax orientation and bouncing offer independent measurements.

## S5-0042
A fungal spore cluster should detach through a propagating peel front rather than simultaneous stalk failure.

Test: Image release and force.

Contrary: All stalks fail within unresolved simultaneous onset.

Selection: High-speed release distinguishes peeling from simultaneous failure.

## S5-0043
A wood cell wall should retain a nanoscale humidity gradient after bulk mass equilibrates.

Test: Measure spatial water and mass.

Contrary: Spatial water becomes uniform before mass equilibrium.

Selection: Spatial water mapping challenges bulk-equilibrium assumptions.

## S5-0044
A dried petal should recover curvature after wetting through local opening of collapsed air channels.

Test: Image channels and shape.

Contrary: Recovery occurs without channel reopening.

Selection: Air-channel reopening can be compared with curvature recovery.

## S5-0045
A root hair mat should trap sediment most efficiently when flexible tips bend downstream and shield captured grains.

Test: Measure bending and grain retention.

Contrary: Rigid tips with matched area retain equally.

Selection: Tip compliance can be constrained during grain retention.

## S5-0046
A fungal fruiting body should exhibit a delayed tilt after localized wetting because internal fluid shifts before tissue expansion.

Test: Measure fluid, strain and tilt.

Contrary: Tilt follows local expansion instantaneously.

Selection: Fluid movement and tissue expansion have separable timing.

## S5-0047
A seed appendage should unfold under repeated dew events even when each event is too short for complete hydration.

Test: Track water and unfolding over pulses.

Contrary: Response depends only on cumulative wet time.

Selection: Incomplete dew pulses permit an explicit memory test.

## S5-0048
A leaf vein should damp impact through reversible flattening that temporarily increases its fluid resistance.

Test: Measure vein shape, flow and energy loss.

Contrary: Damping is unchanged when flattening is constrained.

Selection: Vein flattening can be constrained during impact.

## S5-0049
A bark pore should act as a humidity valve through motion of its overlapping edges.

Test: Measure aperture and vapor flux.

Contrary: Flux follows humidity without aperture dependence.

Selection: Pore-edge movement directly predicts vapor conductance.

## S5-0050
A cellulose ribbon should retain a localized crease after a wetting pulse because fiber rotation becomes frictionally locked.

Test: Image fiber angles after drying.

Contrary: Crease disappears when water is removed.

Selection: Fiber orientation tests crease locking after drying.

## S5-0051
A moss leaf should direct water inward through a moving line of collapsing surface papillae.

Test: Image papillae and water.

Contrary: Transport occurs without papilla motion.

Selection: Papilla motion can be compared with water-front timing.

## S5-0052
A fungal wall tube should become less permeable under axial tension through circumferential fiber alignment.

Test: Measure orientation and tracer flux.

Contrary: Tension increases or leaves flux unchanged.

Selection: Permeability and fiber orientation challenge tension-induced closure.

## S5-0053
A root-associated mineral sheath should fracture into protective sliding plates during growth.

Test: Image growth and sheath cracks.

Contrary: Sheath breaks into disconnected fragments without sliding protection.

Selection: Growing mineral sheaths can be imaged for sliding protection.

## S5-0054
A seed mucilage layer should protect against abrasion through reversible redistribution toward high-pressure contacts.

Test: Map mucilage and wear.

Contrary: Protection occurs without contact enrichment.

Selection: Contact enrichment can be measured before abrasion.

## S5-0055
A fern spore-bearing surface should direct airflow through a mechanically opened gap during drying.

Test: Measure gap motion and local velocity.

Contrary: Airflow is unchanged with the gap fixed closed.

Selection: Opening geometry permits a specific airflow contrast.

## S5-0056
A hollow plant stem should retain a localized bending memory as a rotated oval cross-section.

Test: Measure shape and reloading.

Contrary: Cross-section and stiffness recover uniquely.

Selection: Cross-section imaging tests retained stem bending memory.

## S5-0057
A leaf cuticle should guide surface water around a wound through stress-induced wrinkling.

Test: Image stress, wrinkles and water.

Contrary: Routing follows chemical wetting differences alone.

Selection: Wrinkles can be mapped alongside wound-adjacent flow.

## S5-0058
A fungal strand should reduce transverse drag by rolling into alignment with a weak flow.

Test: Measure rotation and force.

Contrary: Drag reduction persists with rotation constrained equally.

Selection: Rotation can be prevented in matched drag controls.

## S5-0059
A woody fiber knot should concentrate condensation at its compression side through nanoscale gap closure.

Test: Map gaps and dew.

Contrary: Condensation follows temperature alone.

Selection: Gap mapping tests condensation localization near compression.

## S5-0060
A seed coat should emit a low-frequency vibration when its first internal liquid bridge connects opposite walls.

Test: Record vibration and water topology.

Contrary: Vibration lacks bridge-formation timing.

Selection: Bridge imaging can validate acoustic onset timing.

## S5-0061
A mineral aggregate should retain a directional stress memory through unequal dissolution at compressed contacts.

Test: Measure contact topology and reloading.

Contrary: Memory survives without contact-selective dissolution equally.

Selection: Contact dissolution provides a specific stress-memory mediator.

## S5-0062
An iron-rich gel should produce a visible density wave when oxidation changes its bound-water fraction.

Test: Map oxidation and density.

Contrary: Density changes remain local to the reaction source.

Selection: Oxidation and bound water can be tracked simultaneously.

## S5-0063
A carbonate crust should become more permeable after slight hydration because swelling opens intergranular seams.

Test: Measure seams and flow.

Contrary: Hydration only closes transport pathways.

Selection: Seam aperture provides a physical permeability explanation.

## S5-0064
A silicate surface should accumulate organic molecules at strain gradients created by buried inclusions.

Test: Map strain and adsorption.

Contrary: Adsorption follows composition alone.

Selection: Buried inclusions create a controlled strain-gradient landscape.

## S5-0065
A salt crystal should rotate inside a liquid pocket when anisotropic dissolution shifts the pocket's capillary force balance.

Test: Measure orientation and interface shape.

Contrary: Rotation follows bulk flow alone.

Selection: Capillary geometry challenges dissolution-driven rotation.

## S5-0066
A clay membrane should retain a buried dry band after both faces are rewetted because swollen outer layers isolate it.

Test: Map depth-resolved water.

Contrary: Water penetrates monotonically without persistent dry bands.

Selection: Depth-resolved water can identify persistent dry bands.

## S5-0067
A mineral-coated fiber should conduct water faster after bending opens coating joints.

Test: Measure joint aperture and flux.

Contrary: Flux is bending-independent.

Selection: Joint opening can be imaged during bending-driven flow.

## S5-0068
A porous carbonate should generate a solute overshoot after pressure release through expulsion from elastically compressed pores.

Test: Measure strain and concentration.

Contrary: Overshoot occurs equally in rigid controls.

Selection: Strain and solute can be synchronized after pressure release.

## S5-0069
A sand contact should crystallize salt asymmetrically because its evaporation pathway selects one side of the bridge.

Test: Map vapor and crystal growth.

Contrary: Growth is symmetric after chemistry matching.

Selection: Vapor mapping challenges asymmetric contact crystallization.

## S5-0070
A redox-active sediment analogue should release trapped gas when reduction softens its cementing contacts.

Test: Measure modulus, redox and gas.

Contrary: Gas release requires no contact softening.

Selection: Cement softening can be measured before gas release.

## S5-0071
A silica film should develop reversible conductivity anisotropy when humidity opens aligned interparticle gaps.

Test: Map gaps and ionic current.

Contrary: Conductivity remains isotropic.

Selection: Gap orientation tests conductivity anisotropy.

## S5-0072
A mineral replacement reaction should preserve a hidden pore network even after external shape becomes smooth.

Test: Compare tomography and surface topography.

Contrary: Internal connectivity disappears with smoothing.

Selection: Tomography tests hidden connectivity after surface smoothing.

## S5-0073
A gypsum layer should buffer a short thermal pulse through reversible water exchange before bulk dehydration.

Test: Measure heat and local bound water.

Contrary: Heat buffering requires bulk phase conversion.

Selection: Bound-water changes can be compared with pulse buffering.

## S5-0074
A clay floc should unfold rather than fragment under an electric pulse when charge migration weakens only edge contacts.

Test: Image edge contacts and topology.

Contrary: Flocs fragment randomly.

Selection: Edge contacts provide a targeted floc-unfolding test.

## S5-0075
A mineral surface should retain an advancing adsorption front after the external concentration gradient is removed.

Test: Map coverage and exchange.

Contrary: Coverage relaxes without continued propagation.

Selection: Coverage imaging tests post-gradient front propagation.

## S5-0076
A porous grain should act as a capillary oscillator when precipitation periodically seals and dissolution reopens its outlet.

Test: Record outlet geometry and flow.

Contrary: Flux changes lack alternating phase conversion.

Selection: Outlet cycling can be synchronized with reaction phases.

## S5-0077
An evaporite crust should focus acoustic energy into regions where humidity has weakened grain contacts.

Test: Map waves and contact stiffness.

Contrary: Focusing follows geometry alone.

Selection: Contact stiffness can be mapped alongside acoustic focusing.

## S5-0078
A carbonate membrane should separate gas bubbles by size through elastic pore dilation.

Test: Measure pore motion and bubble passage.

Contrary: Passage follows rigid-pore entry pressure alone.

Selection: Pore deformation tests elastic bubble-size sorting.

## S5-0079
A mineral suspension should develop a persistent clear layer after oscillatory shear drives fines into reversible clusters.

Test: Track cluster and concentration profiles.

Contrary: Clearing requires sedimentation of irreversible aggregates.

Selection: Cluster reversibility distinguishes clearing from settling.

## S5-0080
A sediment fracture should widen after flushing with clean water because osmotic swelling acts behind an impermeable skin.

Test: Measure pressure and aperture.

Contrary: Widening occurs without osmotic pressure.

Selection: Osmotic pressure can be isolated behind a skin.

## S5-0081
A salt hydrate should store the direction of a previous temperature ramp in its internal microcrack pattern.

Test: Compare reversed ramp histories.

Contrary: Patterns cannot identify ramp direction.

Selection: Microcracks provide a readout of ramp direction.

## S5-0082
A mineral-coated droplet should become mechanically stronger after small pressure cycles redistribute shell contacts.

Test: Measure shell topology and rupture.

Contrary: Strength changes require additional deposited mineral.

Selection: Contact topology can be measured before shell rupture.

## S5-0083
A clay bridge should collapse suddenly when adsorbed ions cross a cooperative binding threshold.

Test: Measure binding and bridge shape.

Contrary: Collapse follows continuous ionic-strength effects.

Selection: Binding measurements can establish a collapse threshold.

## S5-0084
A porous stone should transport a dye pulse faster after partial drying disconnects strongly adsorbing side pores.

Test: Map connectivity and breakthrough.

Contrary: Drying only delays transport.

Selection: Connectivity mapping tests faster transport after drying.

## S5-0085
A reactive mineral bed should retain a moving permeability maximum behind its dissolution front.

Test: Map porosity and flow.

Contrary: Permeability peaks only at the front.

Selection: Front-resolved flow can identify a trailing permeability maximum.

## S5-0086
A sand column should release a stored gas pulse when a cooling wave crosses its capillary bottleneck.

Test: Measure temperature and gas flux.

Contrary: Release follows thermal expansion without bottleneck dependence.

Selection: Bottleneck position tests a cooling-triggered gas pulse.

## S5-0087
A mineral gel should show a transient negative thermal expansion during dehydration through collapse of water-supported cages.

Test: Measure volume and bound water.

Contrary: Volume increases monotonically with heating.

Selection: Mass and volume measurements challenge dehydration contraction.

## S5-0088
A crystalline coating should protect a soft support better after it develops an ordered network of harmless segmentation cracks.

Test: Measure crack geometry and substrate damage.

Contrary: Segmentation always increases support damage.

Selection: Crack order can be measured independently of support damage.

## S5-0089
A carbonate pore should retain a pH oscillation longer than the surrounding solution through reversible surface buffering.

Test: Map pH decay.

Contrary: Decay matches unbuffered diffusion.

Selection: Surface buffering gives an explicit pH-relaxation control.

## S5-0090
A mineral-organic interface should direct solvent flow along a moving adhesion front.

Test: Measure interface motion and fluid velocity.

Contrary: Fluid motion is independent of front direction.

Selection: Front motion and fluid velocity test adhesion-driven transport.
