Theory 121/Battery charge cycle/Onset phase
Charging Starts on an Overpotential
The claim
Intercalation begins when the ratio of applied overpotential to activation barrier exceeds one, so charging at low temperature requires more voltage.
01Mechanism
Ions must cross an interface barrier; the ratio sets the rate.
02Prediction
Onset voltage should track the ratio.
03Refutation
Onset tracking state of charge would remove the barrier.